The structural and parametrical organization of elements of a power supply system in the conditions of network centrism

Purpose. Development of indicators of the structural and parametrical organization of effective active and adaptive system of service of power supply systems in the conditions of ideology of Smart Grid. Methodology. In the conditions of application of ideology of Smart Grid for increase of intellectualization of electrical power system there is a need of introduction of the principle of a network centrism in the structural and parametrical organization of elements of power supply systems that involves performance of conditions on implementation of provisions of the principle of Situational Awareness. The essence of this principle consists in that, information on a condition of system has to be presented in the form convenient for the analysis, recognition, transfer, distribution and storage, to be coordinated for flexible and optimum development at the subsystem and object-by-object levels. Results. Structural and parametrical optimization of elements of power supply systems in the conditions of a network centrism and the concept of SG involves use of provisions of the theory of systems and concepts of multicriteria optimizing synthesis. It is offered to use the modified adaptive indicator of the generalizing effect of synthesis of structure of active and adaptive system of service of power supply systems in the form of a difference of the generalizing effects: the introduced option of structure of system and basic. Originality. Introduction of an adaptive indicator of synthesis of system of service of power supply systems considers the concept of «service of system on the basis of a response» in the presence of false and true refusals. Practical value. Use of the specified indicator will allow to specify procedure of selection of competitive options for the purpose of definition of a set of admissible structures which meet the requirements of criterion function.В статье рассмотрены тенденции развития и принципы организации интеллектуальных энергосистем при введении понятия сетецентризма в условиях идеологии Smart Grid. В качестве решения задач указанной проблематики предлагается создание активно-адаптивной системы, реализующей концепцию «обслуживания системы на основе отклика»

СЕТЕЦЕНТРИЧЕСКАЯ ОПТИМИЗАЦИЯ ОПЕРАТИВНОГО ОБСЛУЖИВАНИЯ ЭЛЕМЕНТОВ ЭНЕРГОСИСТЕМЫ

Purpose. Development of precision selection criteria of options of technical realization of effective active and adaptive system of expeditious service of elements of a power supply system in the conditions of network-centric management. Methodology. In development of power supply systems their evolution from the elementary forms using elementary network technologies and models of interactions in power to more irregular shapes within the concept of Smart Grid with elements of network-centric character is observed. This direction is based on Internet-technologies of the last generation, and realize models of power activity which couldn't be realized before. Results. The number of possible options of active and adaptive system of expeditious service of elements of a power supply system is usually rather big and it is difficult to choose the acceptable option by direct search. Elimination of admissible options of the technical realization constructed on the principles of a network centrism means application of the theory of multicriteria optimization from a position of discrete programming. The basis of procedure of elimination is made by algorithm of an assessment of system by criterion of accuracy. Originality. The case of an assessment of the precision characteristic of system at restrictions for the set accuracy is connected with need of decomposition of requirements of all system in general and on separate subsystems. For such decomposition the ratios connecting the accuracy of functioning of a separate subsystem with variations of parameters of all system, and also with precision characteristics of subsystems of the lower levels influencing this subsystem are received. Practical value. In the conditions of the network-centric organization of management of expeditious service of elements of a power supply system elimination of options of subsystems when using precision criterion allows to receive the maximum number of essentially possible options of system of service taking into account the accepted service strategy.В статье уделено внимание вопросам использования сетецентрического подхода при формировании активно-адаптивной системы оперативного обслуживания элементов энергосистемы в условиях идеологии Smart Grid. Определен точностной критерий отсева вариантов технической реализации этой системы, реализующей концепцию «обслуживания на основе отклика».У статті приділена увага питанням використання сетецентричного підходу при формуванні активно-адаптивної системи оперативного обслуговування елементів енергосистеми в умовах ідеології Smart Grid. Визначений точносний критерій відсіювання варіантів технічної реалізації цієї системи, що реалізує концепцію «обслуговування на основі відклику»

СЕТЕЦЕНТРИЧЕСКИЕ ТЕХНОЛОГИИ УПРАВЛЕНИЯ РЕЖИМАМИ РАБОТЫ ТРЕХФАЗНОЙ СЕТИ

Purpose. The development of the control system for three-phase network is based on intelligent technologies of network-centric control of heterogeneous objects. The introduction of unmanned aerial vehicles for monitoring of three-phase network increases the efficiency of management. Methodology. The case of decomposition of the instantaneous capacities of the fixed and variable components for 3-wire system. The features of power balance for the different modes of its functioning. It should be noted that symmetric sinusoidal mode is balanced and good, but really unbalanced, if the standard reactive power is not zero. To solve the problem of compensation is sufficient knowledge of the total value of the inactive components of full power (value of the inactive power) without detail. The creation of a methodology of measurement and assessment will require knowledge of the magnitudes of each inactive component separately, which leads to the development of a unified approach to the measurement and compensation of inactive components of full power and the development of a generalized theory of power. Results. Procedure for the compensation of the current of zero sequence excludes from circuit the source, as the active component of instantaneous power of zero sequence, and a vector due to a current of zero sequence. This procedure is performed without time delay as it does not require integration. Only a 3–wire system with symmetrical voltage eliminates pulsations and symmetrization of the equivalent conductances of the phases of the task. Under asymmetric voltage, the power is different, its analysis requires the creation of a vector mathematical model of the energy processes of asymmetrical modes of 3–phase systems. Originality. The proposed method extends the basis of the vector method for any zero sequence voltages and shows that the various theories of instantaneous power three wired scheme due to the choice of a basis in a two-dimensional subspace. Practical value. The algorithm and software implementation for the decomposition of the zero sequence current, which allocated the procedure of obtaining null-balanced vectors of phase and interfacial voltage, calculation of active and inactive instantaneous power is zero balanced mode. The simulation results obtained in the software package Matlab by the method of visual programming in Simulink.Интеграция интеллектуальных и сетецентрических технологий в процесс управления режимами работы трехфазной сети обеспечивают оперативность компенсации нелинейностей в системе за счет ортогонального разложения тока и использования метода базисных функций для минимизации потерь

Network-centric technologies for control of three-phase network operation modes

Purpose. The development of the control system for three-phase network is based on intelligent technologies of network-centric control of heterogeneous objects. The introduction of unmanned aerial vehicles for monitoring of three-phase network increases the efficiency of management. Methodology. The case of decomposition of the instantaneous capacities of the fixed and variable components for 3-wire system. The features of power balance for the different modes of its functioning. It should be noted that symmetric sinusoidal mode is balanced and good, but really unbalanced, if the standard reactive power is not zero. To solve the problem of compensation is sufficient knowledge of the total value of the inactive components of full power (value of the inactive power) without detail. The creation of a methodology of measurement and assessment will require knowledge of the magnitudes of each inactive component separately, which leads to the development of a unified approach to the measurement and compensation of inactive components of full power and the development of a generalized theory of power. Results. Procedure for the compensation of the current of zero sequence excludes from circuit the source, as the active component of instantaneous power of zero sequence, and a vector due to a current of zero sequence. This procedure is performed without time delay as it does not require integration. Only a 3–wire system with symmetrical voltage eliminates pulsations and symmetrization of the equivalent conductances of the phases of the task. Under asymmetric voltage, the power is different, its analysis requires the creation of a vector mathematical model of the energy processes of asymmetrical modes of 3–phase systems. Originality. The proposed method extends the basis of the vector method for any zero sequence voltages and shows that the various theories of instantaneous power three wired scheme due to the choice of a basis in a two-dimensional subspace. Practical value. The algorithm and software implementation for the decomposition of the zero sequence current, which allocated the procedure of obtaining null-balanced vectors of phase and interfacial voltage, calculation of active and inactive instantaneous power is zero balanced mode. The simulation results obtained in the software package Matlab by the method of visual programming in Simulink.Интеграция интеллектуальных и сетецентрических технологий в процесс управления режимами работы трехфазной сети обеспечивают оперативность компенсации нелинейностей в системе за счет ортогонального разложения тока и использования метода базисных функций для минимизации потерь

The development of the theory of instantaneous power of three-phase network in terms of network centrism

Purpose. Information technologies allow multidimensional analysis of information about the state of the power system in a single information space in terms of providing network-centric approach to control and use of unmanned aerial vehicles as tools for condition monitoring of three-phase network. Methodology. The idea of energy processes in three independent (rather than four dependent) curves vector-functions with values in the arithmetic three-dimensional space adequately for both 4-wire and 3–wire circuits. The presence of zero sequence current structural (and mathematically) features a 4-wire scheme of energy from a 3-wire circuit. The zero sequence voltage caused by the displacement of the zero voltage phases. Offset zero in the calculations can be taken into account by appropriate selection of the reference voltages. Both of these energetic phenomena with common methodical positions are described in the framework of the general mathematical model, in which a significant role is played by the ort zero sequence. Results. Vector approach with a unified voice allows us to obtain and analyze new energy characteristics for 4–wire and 3–wire circuits in sinusoidal and non-sinusoidal mode, both in temporal and frequency domain. Originality. Symmetric sinusoidal mode is balanced, even with non-zero reactive power. The converse is not true. The mode can be balanced and unbalanced load. The mode can be balanced and unbalanced voltage. Practical value. Assessing balance in network mode and the impact of instantaneous power on the magnitude of the losses, will allow to avoid the appearance of zero sequence and, thus, to improve the quality of electricity.Обеспечение сетецентрического подхода к режиму управления трехфазной сетью и оценка сбалансированности режима сети с учетом влияния мгновенной мощности на величину потерь даст возможность исключить появление нулевой последовательности и, тем самым, повысить качество электроэнергии

Biochemical markers of vital biodestruction in common oak (Quercus robur)

The wood of the common oak (Quercus robur L.) has high mechanical strength, elasticity and resistance to fracture. However, constitutional stability is not always able to provide the plants with reliable protection from wood-decay fungi, and the initial stages of biodegradation are difficult to determine. Therefore, this study concerns research on appropriate biochemical markers for early diagnostics of wood defects. The total content of phenolic compounds in leaves and wood was determined by a spectrophotometer Optizen Pop using Folin & Ciocalteu’s phenol reagent; the flavonoid content in leaves – by adding solutions of aluminum chloride and sodium acetate to methanolic extracts; catechins content – by the reaction with vanillin reagent; the concentration of phenolic antioxidants – by Brand Williams; chlorophyll and carotenoids’ contents in leaves – by the formula for methanol extracts; the qualitative composition of phenolic compounds – by high performance liquid chromatography and highly effective thin-layer chromatography. During the planned felling of oak trees on the territory of the Boyar Forest Research Station, trees were found with signs of brown streak and biodestruction of wood. Brown streak in wood is caused by a polycondensation of phenolic compounds, which are deposited on the internal surfaces of tracheal elements. In cases of an increase in the total amount of oxidized polyphenols, the cell walls are also stained. Active oxidation processes in wood have a systemic nature for the plants and affect the physiological state of the assimilation apparatus. We determined that in leaves of the trees with signs of brown streak the total phenol content increases in comparison with the control by 1.6 times, as well as flavonoid and catechin content. Our research has shown that the complex of plastid pigments in common oak leaves does not significantly change in the early stages of destructive processes. Increase of brown streak and appearance of rot in wood are associated with slight increase in chlorophyll a to b ratio in leaves. Chromatographic profiling of the leaves showed that the presence of brown streak changes the content of individual phenolic compounds. The trees with brown rot have more substances with UV spectrum characteristic for kaempferol glycosides compared to the control. The results have shown that the biochemical profiles of the trees with signs of brown streak and brown rot differ from the control by the composition of low and medium polar compounds. The absence or presence of some individual phenolic components and their ratio in the leaves are considered as biochemical markers of hidden wood defects

Singularity resolution depends on the clock

We study the quantum cosmology of a flat Friedmann–Lemaître–Robertson–Walker Universe filled with a (free) massless scalar field and a perfect fluid that represents radiation or a cosmological constant whose value is not fixed by the action, as in unimodular gravity. We study two versions of the quantum theory: the first is based on a time coordinate conjugate to the radiation/dark energy matter component, i.e., conformal time (for radiation) or unimodular time. As shown by Gryb and Thébault, this quantum theory achieves a type of singularity resolution; we illustrate this and other properties of this theory. The theory is then contrasted with a second type of quantisation in which the logarithm of the scale factor serves as time, which has been studied in the context of the 'perfect bounce' for quantum cosmology. Unlike the first quantum theory, the second one contains semiclassical states that follow classical trajectories and evolve into the singularity without obstruction, thus showing no singularity resolution. We discuss how a complex scale factor best describes the semiclassical dynamics. This cosmological model serves as an illustration of the problem of time in quantum cosmology

ЦИФРОВА ПІДСТАНЦІЯ СКЛАДОВА СИСТЕМИ "SMART GRID"

New production technologies of modern control systems have moved from the stage of research and experimentation into the stage of practical use. Modern communication standards for the exchange of information are developed and introduced. Digital devices, protectors and automation are widely used. There has been substantial development of hardware and software of control systems.Новые технологии производства современных систем управления перешли из стадии научных исследований и экспериментов в стадию практического использования. Разработаны и внедряются современные коммуникационные стандарты обмена информацией. Широко применяются цифровые устройства защиты и автоматики. Произошло существенное развитие аппаратных и программных средств систем управления.Нові технології виробництва сучасних систем управління перейшли зі стадії наукових досліджень і експериментів у стадію практичного використання. Розроблені та впроваджуються сучасні комунікаційні стандарти обміну інформацією. Широко застосовуються цифрові пристрої захисту та автоматики. Відбувся істотний розвиток апаратних і програмних засобів систем управління

Background-Independence

Intuitively speaking, a classical field theory is background-independent if the structure required to make sense of its equations is itself subject to dynamical evolution, rather than being imposed ab initio. The aim of this paper is to provide an explication of this intuitive notion. Background-independence is not a not formal property of theories: the question whether a theory is background-independent depends upon how the theory is interpreted. Under the approach proposed here, a theory is fully background-independent relative to an interpretation if each physical possibility corresponds to a distinct spacetime geometry; and it falls short of full background-independence to the extent that this condition fails.Comment: Forthcoming in General Relativity and Gravitatio

Анализ межлинейного полиморфизма и степени гомозиготности линий удвоенных гаплоидов тритикале с помощью микросателлитных маркеров

We evaluated the rate of polymorphism of doubled haploid lines of hexaploid triticale obtained by the method of anther culture based on hybrids of spring and winter types. Using 7 SSR markers for the loci on the chromosomes A- (Xgwm186, Xgwm291, Xgwm595) and B- (Xgwm371, Xgwm540, Xgwm554, Xgwm234), polymorphism of 38 doubled haploid lines of hexaploid triticale was studied. Interlinear polymorphism along six microsatellite loci except the Xgwm554 locus, which is not polymorphic in the studied doubled haploid lines, was revealed. The highest polymorphism was observed for the Xgwm186, Xgwm291 and Xgwm595 loci. The cluster analysis showed that all studied lines were divided into three main groups. The origin of the lines did not affect the distribution in groups. This confirms the influence of in vitro culture somaclonal variation. Eight lines of doubled haploids, which are heterozygous for one of the studied microsatellite loci, were identified. We showed the possibility of using SSR markers to assess interlinear polymorphism and the homozygosity rate in the triticale doubled haploid lines obtained by the method of induced androgenesis in vitro.Дана оценка степени полиморфизма линий удвоенных гаплоидов гексаплоидного тритикале, полученных методом индуцированного андрогенеза in vitro на основе гибридов F1 и F2 гексаплоидного тритикале ярового и озимого типов развития. С использованием семи маркеров к микросателлитным локусам, расположенным на хромосомах А- (Xgwm186, Xgwm291, Xgwm595) и В- (Xgwm371, Xgwm540, Xgwm554, Xgwm234) генома, изучен полиморфизм у 38 линий удвоенных гаплоидов и проведена оценка степени гомозиготности исследуемых линий. Полученные результаты свидетельствуют о наличии межлинейного полиморфизма по шести микросателлитным локусам. Обнаружено, что локус Xgwm554 не является полиморфным у исследуемых линий удвоенных гаплоидов. Наибольший полиморфизм отмечался для локусов Xgwm186, Xgwm291 и Xgwm595. По результатам кластерного анализа все исследованные линии распределились в три основных кластера, независимо от происхождения. Выделено восемь линий удвоенных гаплоидов, являющихся гетерозиготными как минимум по одному из исследуемых микросателлитных локусов. Показана возможность использования SSR-маркеров для оценки межлинейного полиморфизма и степени гомозиготности линий удвоенных гаплоидов тритикале, полученных методом индуцированного андрогенеза in vitro