Corrosion Characteristics of Raw and Anodised Aluminium

Korozijsku postojanost aluminija i njegovih legura u mnogim medijima moguće je povećati različitim postupcima, među kojima se ističu metode anodizacije ili anodne oksidacije, koja se obično naziva eloksiranjem. Korozivna postojanost aluminija nije apsolutna. Aluminij ima slabu otpornost na koroziju u okolišu sa slabom cirkulacijom kisika ili bez nje, obnavljanje pasivnog filma je onemogućeno, materijal više nije korozivno postojan i u tom slučaju odvijaju se korozivni procesi, što se očituje na različite načine. Kao korozivni mediji uzeti su: otopina NaCl (w = 3 %), otopina HCl (w = 3 %), otopina H2SO4 (w = 10 %), otopina NaCl + NaOH (pH = 10,09), otopina NaOH (pH = 10,17), morska voda iz Ploča. Eloksiranjem se postiže da su u svim korozijskim sredinama potencijali veći, što znači da se stvara zaštitni film oksida. Oksidni sloj najstabilniji je u otopini sumporne kiseline, a najmanju zaštitnu ulogu pokazuje u 3 %-tnoj otopini HCl, 3 %-tnoj otopini NaCl i morskoj vodi. Povećanjem debljine oksidnog sloja s 10 na 20 mikrometara ne postiže se poboljšanje zaštite od korozije izuzev u otopini NaOH. Eloksiranjem se smanjuju polarizacijski otpori prema sličnoj ovisnosti o korozijskoj sredini. Sličan i veći zaštitni učinak pokazuje eloksirani aluminij s debljinom sloja 20 mikrometara. Eloksiranjem se brzina korozije smanjuje za nekoliko desetaka puta, što potvrđuje da se eloksiranjem aluminij štiti od korozije. Vrijednosti su od 3,57 do 2699,00 mma-1.Corrosion resistance of aluminium and its alloys in different media can be improved by many procedures. One of the most used methods is anodisation or anodic oxidation, which is commonly known as anodising. Solutions of: NaCl, w = 3 %, HCl, w = 3 %, H2 SO4 , w = 10 %, NaCl + NaOH (pH = 10.09), NaOH (pH = 10.17), and seawater taken from Ploče were used as corrosive media. Anodisation enables higher potentials in all corrosive environments, indicating that a protective oxide film has been formed. This oxide layer is the most stable in a solution of sulphuric acid, and has the lowest protective role in 3 % HCl solution, 3 % NaCl solution and seawater. By increasing the thickness of anodising from 10 to 20 micrometres, no improvement of the corrosion protection was achieved, except in the NaOH solution. Anodising also reduces the polarization resistance by a similar dependence of the corrosive environment. An even greater and similar protective effect is exhibited by anodised aluminium with a thickness of 20 micrometres. Anodising decreases the corrosion rate by several orders of magnitude, which confirms that aluminium anodising protects against corrosion. Values are from 3.57 to 2699.00 mm a-

Corrosion Characteristics of Raw and Anodised Aluminium

Korozijsku postojanost aluminija i njegovih legura u mnogim medijima moguće je povećati različitim postupcima, među kojima se ističu metode anodizacije ili anodne oksidacije, koja se obično naziva eloksiranjem. Korozivna postojanost aluminija nije apsolutna. Aluminij ima slabu otpornost na koroziju u okolišu sa slabom cirkulacijom kisika ili bez nje, obnavljanje pasivnog filma je onemogućeno, materijal više nije korozivno postojan i u tom slučaju odvijaju se korozivni procesi, što se očituje na različite načine. Kao korozivni mediji uzeti su: otopina NaCl (w = 3 %), otopina HCl (w = 3 %), otopina H2SO4 (w = 10 %), otopina NaCl + NaOH (pH = 10,09), otopina NaOH (pH = 10,17), morska voda iz Ploča. Eloksiranjem se postiže da su u svim korozijskim sredinama potencijali veći, što znači da se stvara zaštitni film oksida. Oksidni sloj najstabilniji je u otopini sumporne kiseline, a najmanju zaštitnu ulogu pokazuje u 3 %-tnoj otopini HCl, 3 %-tnoj otopini NaCl i morskoj vodi. Povećanjem debljine oksidnog sloja s 10 na 20 mikrometara ne postiže se poboljšanje zaštite od korozije izuzev u otopini NaOH. Eloksiranjem se smanjuju polarizacijski otpori prema sličnoj ovisnosti o korozijskoj sredini. Sličan i veći zaštitni učinak pokazuje eloksirani aluminij s debljinom sloja 20 mikrometara. Eloksiranjem se brzina korozije smanjuje za nekoliko desetaka puta, što potvrđuje da se eloksiranjem aluminij štiti od korozije. Vrijednosti su od 3,57 do 2699,00 mma-1.Corrosion resistance of aluminium and its alloys in different media can be improved by many procedures. One of the most used methods is anodisation or anodic oxidation, which is commonly known as anodising. Solutions of: NaCl, w = 3 %, HCl, w = 3 %, H2 SO4 , w = 10 %, NaCl + NaOH (pH = 10.09), NaOH (pH = 10.17), and seawater taken from Ploče were used as corrosive media. Anodisation enables higher potentials in all corrosive environments, indicating that a protective oxide film has been formed. This oxide layer is the most stable in a solution of sulphuric acid, and has the lowest protective role in 3 % HCl solution, 3 % NaCl solution and seawater. By increasing the thickness of anodising from 10 to 20 micrometres, no improvement of the corrosion protection was achieved, except in the NaOH solution. Anodising also reduces the polarization resistance by a similar dependence of the corrosive environment. An even greater and similar protective effect is exhibited by anodised aluminium with a thickness of 20 micrometres. Anodising decreases the corrosion rate by several orders of magnitude, which confirms that aluminium anodising protects against corrosion. Values are from 3.57 to 2699.00 mm a-

Stabilization of alkali metal ions interaction with OH-functionalized graphene via clustering of OH groups - implications in charge storage applications

Graphene synthesized by reduction of graphene oxide, depending on the degree of reduction, retains a certain amount of surface OH groups. Considering the surface OH groups/graphene layer system by means of density functional theory calculations, we evidenced the tendency of OH groups to cluster, resulting in enhanced system stability and no band gap opening. In the oxygen concentration range between 1.8 and 8.47 at%, with the addition of each new OH group, integral binding energy decreases, while differential binding energy shows the boost at even numbers of OH groups. Furthermore, we found that the clustering of OH groups over graphene basal plane plays a crucial role in enhancing the interactions with alkali metals. Namely, if alkali metal atoms interact with individual OH groups only, the interaction leads to an irreversible formation of MOH phase. When alkali atoms interact with clusters containing odd number of OH groups, a reversible transfer of an electron charge from the metal atom to the substrate takes place without OH removal. The strength of the interaction in general increases from Li to K. In an experimental investigation of a graphene sample which dominantly contains OH groups, we have shown that the trend in the specific interaction strength reflects to gravimetric capacitances measured in alkali metal chloride solutions. We propose that the charge stored in OH groups which interact with alkali metal cation and the pi electronic system of the graphene basal plane presents the main part of its pseudocapacitance

Redrawing HER Volcano with Interfacial Processes—The Role of Hydrogen Spillover in Boosting H₂ Evolution in Alkaline Media

The requirements for the efficient replacement of fossil fuel, combined with the growing energy crisis, places focus on hydrogen production. Efficient and cost-effective electrocatalysts are needed for H2 production, and novel strategies for their discovery must be developed. Here, we utilized Kinetic Monte Carlo (KMC) simulations to demonstrate that hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) can be boosted via hydrogen spillover to the support when the catalyst surface is largely covered by adsorbed hydrogen under operating conditions. Based on the insights from KMC, we synthesized a series of reduced graphene-oxide-supported catalysts and compared their activities towards HER in alkaline media with that of corresponding pure metals. For Ag, Au, and Zn, the support effect is negative, but for Pt, Pd, Fe, Co, and Ni, the presence of the support enhances HER activity. The HER volcano, constructed using calculated hydrogen binding energies and measured HER activities, shows a positive shift of the strong binding branch. This work demonstrates the possibilities of metal–support interface engineering for producing effective HER catalysts and provides general guidelines for choosing novel catalyst–support combinations for electrocatalytic hydrogen production