Assisting Minors Seeking Abortions in Judicial Bypass Proceedings: A Guardian ad Litem Is No Substitute for an Attorney

Since the 1973 decision in Roe v. Wade,\u27 minors have been particularly affected by the efforts of pro-life activists and state legislatures who have curtailed abortion rights by lobbying for and passing legislation that restricts reproductive freedom. Forty-three states have enacted laws requiring a minor either to obtain consent from or to notify one or both parents before undergoing an abortion, and thirty-three of these statutes are currently enforceable. The Supreme Court has recognized the right of parents to be involved in a child\u27s upbringing and the prerogative of the state to limit a minor\u27s freedom to make major life choices due to a minor\u27s lack of experience or judgment. The Court, however, has held that the Fourteenth Amendment protects minors and adults alike and that a minor has the right to choose whether or not to terminate her pregnancy, subject to certain limitations imposed by the state. The Supreme Court has held that if a state requires a minor to consult with a parent before deciding to terminate her pregnancy, the state must offer the minor a judicial bypass option if she chooses not to involve a parent. The Court reasoned that, in order to protect a minor\u27s right to choose, the state cannot allow parents an ab- solute veto over a minor\u27s decision if she is mature enough to make the decision on her own or if she can demonstrate to a court that an abortion would be in her best interests. While the Supreme Court has not ruled whether a minor has a right to counsel in civil proceedings, child advocates argue that the appointment of counsel for minors in civil proceedings is necessary to ensure effective legal representation and adequate protection of a minor\u27s interests. In states that mandate appointment of independent counsel on behalf of a minor in a civil proceeding, a juvenile court may appoint an attorney or a guardian ad litem to represent the minor. In addition to judicial bypass proceedings, a guardian ad litem may be appointed to represent a minor in proceedings involving child abuse and neglect, custody disputes, termination of parental rights, and adoptions. A guardian ad litem is often a lawyer appointed by the court to appear in a lawsuit on behalf of an incompetent or minor party.\u27 In circumstances in which there is no conflict of interest between parent and child, parents may serve as guardians ad litem because they are the natural guardians of their children. A judicial bypass proceeding, however, is a situation in which the court appoints representation because there is clearly either a conflict of interest between parent and child or the minor has chosen not to involve her parents.\u2

CONFIDENCE INTERVALS FOR VARIANCE COMPONENTS IN ONE-WAY UNBALANCED DESIGNS

Consider the one way unbalanced components of variance model given by Yij = μ + Ai + Eij, (i = l, ... ,a, j = l, ... ,bi) where μ is an unknown constant parameter, Ai and Eij are independent normal random variables with zero means and variances σ2A and σ2E respectively, The problem is to obtain a confidence interval for σ2A with confidence coefficient greater than or equal to a specified 1 - α. Three new procedures for obtaining confidence intervals for σ2A are examined. These new methods are derived using unweighted means. These three methods are compared with a standard procedure based on confidence coefficients and expected widths .

Critical pedagogy for the non-poor : a case study in cross-cultural education for transformation.

EducationDoctor of Philosophy (PhD

Temperature-sensitive Tien Shan tree ring chronologies show multi-centennial growth trends

Two millennia-length juniper ring width chronologies, processed to preserve multi-centennial growth trends, are presented for the Alai Range of the western Tien Shan in Kirghizia. The chronologies average the information from seven near-timberline sampling sites, and likely reflect summer temperature variation. For comparison, chronologies are also built using standard dendrochronological techniques. We briefly discuss some qualities of these "inter-decadal” records, and show the low frequency components removed by the standardization process include a long-term negative trend in the first half of the last millennium and a long-term positive trend since about AD 1800. The multi-centennial scale Alai Range chronologies, where these trends are retained, are both systematically biased (but in an opposite sense) in their low frequency domains. Nevertheless, they represent the best constraints and estimates of long-term summer temperature variation, and reflect the Medieval Warm Period, the Little Ice Age, and a period of warming since about the middle of the nineteenth centur

Pennsylvania Folklife Vol. 34, No. 2

• A Fiddler\u27s Life • An Interpretation of Some Ritual and Food Elements of the Brethren Love Feast • Pottery Making in Quakertown: 1800-1879 • Teddy Bears: An Enduring Folk Tradition • Lucia Day • Dippy, Son of Puddin\u27 • Persecution and Genocide: The General Problem as Illustrated by the Anabaptist Experiencehttps://digitalcommons.ursinus.edu/pafolklifemag/1106/thumbnail.jp

Dealing with a traumatic past: the victim hearings of the South African truth and reconciliation commission and their reconciliation discourse

In the final years of the twentieth and the beginning of the twenty-first century, there has been a worldwide tendency to approach conflict resolution from a restorative rather than from a retributive perspective. The South African Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC), with its principle of 'amnesty for truth' was a turning point. Based on my discursive research of the TRC victim hearings, I would argue that it was on a discursive level in particular that the Truth Commission has exerted/is still exerting a long-lasting impact on South African society. In this article, three of these features will be highlighted and illustrated: firstly, the TRC provided a discursive forum for thousands of ordinary citizens. Secondly, by means of testimonies from apartheid victims and perpetrators, the TRC composed an officially recognised archive of the apartheid past. Thirdly, the reconciliation discourse created at the TRC victim hearings formed a template for talking about a traumatic past, and it opened up the debate on reconciliation. By discussing these three features and their social impact, it will become clear that the way in which the apartheid past was remembered at the victim hearings seemed to have been determined, not so much by political concerns, but mainly by social needs

Application of Bayesian regression with singular value decomposition method in association studies for sequence data

Genetic association studies usually involve a large number of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) (k) and a relative small sample size (n), which produces the situation that k is much greater than n. Because conventional statistical approaches are unable to deal with multiple SNPs simultaneously when k is much greater than n, single-SNP association studies have been used to identify genes involved in a disease’s pathophysiology, which causes a multiple testing problem. To evaluate the contribution of multiple SNPs simultaneously to disease traits when k is much greater than n, we developed the Bayesian regression with singular value decomposition (BRSVD) method. The method reduces the dimension of the design matrix from k to n by applying singular value decomposition to the design matrix. We evaluated the model using a Markov chain Monte Carlo simulation with Gibbs sampler constructed from the posterior densities driven by conjugate prior densities. Permutation was incorporated to generate empirical p-values. We applied the BRSVD method to the sequence data provided by Genetic Analysis Workshop 17 and found that the BRSVD method is a practical method that can be used to analyze sequence data in comparison to the single-SNP association test and the penalized regression method

Incident HIV among pregnant and breast-feeding women in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis

OBJECTIVES: A previous meta-analysis reported high HIV incidence among pregnant and breast-feeding women in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), but limited evidence of elevated risk of HIV acquisition during pregnancy or breast-feeding when compared with nonpregnant periods. The rapidly evolving HIV prevention and treatment landscape since publication of this review may have important implications for maternal HIV incidence. DESIGN: Systematic review and meta-analysis. METHODS: We searched four databases and abstracts from relevant conferences through 1 December 2018, for literature on maternal HIV incidence in SSA. We used random-effects meta-analysis to summarize incidence rates and ratios, and to estimate 95% prediction intervals. We evaluated potential sources of heterogeneity with random-effects meta-regression. RESULTS: Thirty-seven publications contributed 100 758 person-years of follow-up. The estimated average HIV incidence rate among pregnant and breast-feeding women was 3.6 per 100 person-years (95% prediction interval: 1.2--11.1), while the estimated average associations between pregnancy and risk of HIV acquisition, and breast-feeding and risk of HIV acquisition, were close to the null. Wide 95% prediction intervals around summary estimates highlighted the variability of HIV incidence across populations of pregnant and breast-feeding women in SSA. Average HIV incidence appeared associated with age, partner HIV status, and calendar time. Average incidence was highest among studies conducted pre-2010 (4.1/100 person-years, 95% prediction interval: 1.1--12.2) and lowest among studies conducted post-2014 (2.1/100 person-years, 95% prediction interval: 0.7--6.5). CONCLUSION: Substantial HIV incidence among pregnant and breast-feeding women in SSA, even in the current era of combination HIV prevention and treatment, underscores the need for prevention tailored to high-risk pregnant and breast-feeding women

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Immigration represents a promising counter-narrative for Rust Belt cities in the 21st century. Increasingly, both immigrants and refugees are part of the comeback stories of Northeastern and Midwestern cities from Buffalo, to Dayton and Pittsburgh. This review explores recent research in urban geography and allied disciplines focusing on the international migration patterns, processes, and politics reshaping the urban geography of the American Rust Belt. Recent research sheds crucial light on how im/migrant lives are reshaping urban landscapes of Rust Belt cities, and conversely, how local immigration policies in these cities are rearranging the uneven geographies of immigrant receptivity across the U.S. Overall, this review highlights the limitations of the singular spatial imaginary of the Rust Belt advanced previously by many urbanists. Rather, this review illustrates the rich, complex, and tangled contemporary spatial nuances associated with international migration in this region. These spatial nuances are complicated by increasingly exclusionary immigration policy and rhetoric at the federal level since January of 2017

Evaluation of Formulas for Predicting Various Components of Mixed Herd Milk

The Oklahoma Agricultural Experiment Station periodically issues revisions to its publications. The most current edition is made available. For access to an earlier edition, if available for this title, please contact the Oklahoma State University Library Archives by email at [email protected] or by phone at 405-744-6311