A sociological study of female embodiment concept in the press of the Second Pahlavi period: A case study of "Bidāri-ye Mā" magazine

With the beginning of modernization in Iran during the Reza Shah period and following the implementation of control and disciplinary policies, the female body, which was previously marginalized, entered the center of politics. Although Mohammad Reza Shah lacked the political power his father enjoyed but he tried to continue his predecessor’s policies. In the early second Pahlavi era, with the decline of the political power of the government, a freer political atmosphere was provided to the press. During this period, women publications began to represent the political and social conditions of Iranian women. At that time, one of the controversial issues in women's magazines was the concept of embodiment. In this research, using the content analysis method, the concept of female embodiment in the "Bidāri-ye Mā" monthly magazine between 1944 and 1949 has been studied. Three main forms of embodiment are recognized in this journal: Traditional embodiment, puppet embodiment, and warrior embodiment. By criticizing the two forms of traditional and puppet embodiment, the magazine has determined its ideal image of the body form which was warrior embodiment. Although the magazine's ideal embodiment criticized other forms of embodiment due to the imposition of strict rules, this embodiment too imposed strict rules on the female body

Influence of an Earth Dam Cut-Off Plastic Concrete Component on Its Physical Properties

Plastic concrete is a suitable material for building earth dam cut off due to low permeability, high deformability and enough strength to withstand applied stresses. Due to the lack of a specified standard for plastic concrete materials, evaluation of the effect of the amount and quality of materials such as concrete aggregates (fine and coarse gravel and sand), cement, water and bentonite on the mechanical properties of plastic concrete is considered to be a serious need. In this study, we have investigated the effect of the ratio of mixing materials (mixture proportions) and cement as well as the materials' quality such as the type of bentonite on compressive strength and modulus of plastic concrete elasticity. The results of this study showed that by decreasing the ratio of term activity, compressive strength will be reduced due to increasing free water in case of the stability of other parameters. However, the effect of aggregates unlike cement has no direct effect on mechanical properties of plastic concrete

To Investigation of Plastic Concrete Bentonite Changes on it's Physical Properties

Bentonite is one of the most important materials in Plastic concretes due to causes to fill voids of concretes. Plastic concrete is well known as a suitable material for building earth dam cut off due to low permeability, high deformability and enough strength to withstand applied stresses. In this study, we have investigated the effect of the ratio of mixing materials (mixture proportions) and cement as well as the materials' quality such as the type of bentonite on marsh, compressive strength and modulus elasticity of plastic concrete. The results of this study showed that by decreasing the ratio of term activity, compressive strength will be reduced due to increasing free water in case of the stability of other parameters. However, the effect of cement has direct effect on mechanical properties of plastic concrete

Assessment of compressibility behaviour of organic soil improved by chemical grouting: an experimental and microstructural study

Tropical organic soils having more than 65% of organic matters are named "peat". This soil type is extremely soft, unconsolidated, and possesses low shear strength and stiffness. Different conventional and industrial binders (e.g., lime or Portland cement) are used widely for stabilisation of organic soils. However, due to many factors affecting the behaviour of these soils (e.g., high moisture content, fewer mineral particles, and acidic media), the efficiency of the conventional binders is low and/or cost-intensive. This research investigates the impact of different constituents of cement-sodium silicate grout system on the compressibility behaviour of organic soil, including settlement and void ratio. A microstructure analysis is also carried out on treated organic soil using Scanning Electron Micrographs (SEM), Energy Dispersive X-ray spectrometer (EDX), and X-ray Diffraction (XRD). The results indicate that the settlement and void ratio of treated organic soils decrease gradually with the increase of cement and kaolinite contents, as well as sodium silicate until an optimum value of 2.5% of the wet soil weight. The microstructure analysis also demonstrates that with the increase of cement, kaolinite and sodium silicate, the void ratio and porosity of treated soil particles decrease, leading to an increase in the soil density by the hydration, pozzolanic, and polymerisation processes. This research contributes an extra useful knowledge to the stabilisation of organic soils and upgrading such problematic soils closer to the non-problematic soils for geotechnical applications such as deep mixing

The influence of rainfall intensity on soil loss mass from cellular confined slopes

Cellular confinement systems serve as effective solutions to any erosion control project. Small model confinements (triangular, circular, and rectangular) measuring 50, 100, and 150 mm, with a depth of 10 mm, were embedded in soil samples at slope angles of 30°, 40°, 50°, and 60°. The observed soil mass losses for the confined soil systems are much smaller. As a result, the size of confinement, rainfall intensity, and slope angle have a direct effect on the soil mass loss results. The triangular and rectangular confinement systems showed the lowest and highest soil loss masses, respectively. The slopes also failed much faster in the unconfined system than in the confined slope

3D numerical analysis of loading geometry on soil behavior reinforced with geocell element

Considering the weakness of the soil profile against tensile forces, researchers have been continuously searching to increase the bearing capacity and shear strength and improve its properties. In some projects, the soil reinforcement method has been known as a proper method for soil improvement because of its low cost, easy implementation, and great impact on soil properties. Reinforced soil is a structure composed of two different types of materials, which minimize their weaknesses together: the soil tolerates compressive stresses, and the reinforcement elements tolerate tensile stresses. In this research, the behavior of circle foundation located on a sand bed reinforced with geocell (GC) elements (which was investigated experimentally) was assessed analytically by using the Abaqus finite element software in three-dimensional (3D) mode as well. After assuring that the results of analytical studies were appropriately correlated with the results of laboratory studies, the behavior of the soil reinforced with GC elements under other square foundations was examined by using analytical studies. The results of this study showed a 65 % increase in bearing capacity and 15 % reduction in the settlement of circle foundation if using GC elements to reinforce the soil profile. The aforementioned has been obtained from comparing the results obtained from analytical and laboratory studies, showing proper matching and alignment between them by changing the geometry of the foundation from circle to square in 3D analytic studies. There was a greater effect on the bearing capacity of square foundations when increasing the GC elements (up to 12 %) than on the bearing capacity of circle foundations. To prove the proposed innovation in this research, some of its outputs were applied for improving the soil under an old one-story building with asymmetric settlement instead of reinforced concrete piles. The settlement was stopped within six months after the completion of the soil improvement operation

Ground improvement using SPVD and RPE

Excessive total and differential settlement at the intersection of a surcharged prefabricated vertical drain (SPVD) and a rigid piled embankment on soft ground during the post-construction period leads to considerable time and costs being spent on repetitive remedial works in the future. This paper presents a sustainable design approach for high and long embankment filling on soft clay at the approach to the structure by introducing the intersection of an SPVD at the transition to a rigid piled embankment in order to regulate the differential settlement between the two conventional ground treatment approaches. This paper also presents a full-scale field study to validate the performance of the intersection of the SPVD at the transition to the rigid piled embankment. By introducing the intersection ground treatment, post-construction settlement and differential settlement are minimised significantly, while the post-construction total settlement at the rigid transition piled embankment (TPE) zone is reduced significantly by about 80 to 95% of the total settlement, as compared to a conventional TPE

Coagulation of the Suspended Organic Colloids Using the Electroflocculation Technique

Electroflotation is an unconventional separation process owing its name to the bubbles generation method (i.e., electrolysis of the aqueous medium) caused by the hydrogen and hydroxide development. Collecting the colloidal particles in surface water has been a long-term issue all over the world, because of their adverse influence. In the present research, the electroflocculation technique have been use to collect the humus particles throughout the polluted wastewater. The uses of different chemical additives namely, Al2(SO4)3, Al(OH)3, CaCl2, CaO, and Na2SiO3 were also successfully examined and enhanced the electroflocculation technique. Although high negatively surface electrical charge of humus causes difficulties in the conventional flocculation and coagulation technique, it enhances the flocculation process when the electroflocculation techniques have been used. The results of both Jar test and electroflocculation technique are further compared. It can be concluded that the polluted water were fully decontaminated (i.e., all of the suspended colloids through the water were removed) by using the electroflocculation technique. The removal rate after electroflocculation test were 91.8%, 98%, 93.5%, 85.3%, 95.4%, and 94% for neutral, Al2(SO4)3, Al(OH)3, CaCl2, CaO, and Na2SiO3, respectively. While the removal rate after Jar test were 84.8%, 83.79%, 71.44%, 84.83%, 77.09%, and 77.09% for neutral, Al2(SO4)3, Al(OH)3, CaCl2, CaO, and Na2SiO3, respectively. © 2014 Copyright Taylor and Francis Group, LLC