Lipid Granules Staining (Nile Red and Bodypy) of Different Biofuel Producing Fresh Water Microalgae Growing under Various Stress Conditions

Chlorella vulgaris and Diatoms were cultivated and maintained in different stress system like high light intensity (18:6, Light: Dark) and N2 limited condition.  After the stationary phase, the cells were stained by Nile red and Bodipy.  The slides were examined under fluorescence in situ hybridization microscopy, it showed the Chlorella vulgaris cultivated under N2 limited system yield high lipid bodies than light induced system and Stressed Diatoms.  While Bodipy is a best tool for staining algal lipid bodies than Nile Red stain.ÂÂ

Ultra Structural and Analytical Studies of Biodiesel Producing Microalgae (Chlorella vulgaris and Senedesmis sp.) Collected from Tamil Nadu, India

Microalgae are an economical choice for biofuel production, because of its availability and low cost. Our studies prove that biodiesel can be produced from Freshwater (Temple tanks, Forest lagoons, Inland lakes, Rock ponds) microalgae (Chlorella vulgaris, Senedesmis sp). The Nile Red fluorescence method described in our present study provides a rapid, easily manipulated and reliable method for in vivo quantification of neutral lipids in various microalgal taxa, particularly those belonging to the Chlorophyceae, that were previously found difficult to stain with Nile Red method. The optimum drying period of microalgae biomass is determined to be 120 min. The percentage of lipid content during n-Hexane soaking period (Chlorella vulgaris) is 49% during 210min. Extraction of lipid fragments through solvent extraction method from biomass and the fractions were analysed for biodiesel under FT-IR and GC-MS

Global health concern of cyanotoxins in surface water and its various detection methods

Water is an absolutely required resource for life nourishment especially for the purpose of drinking, domestic and farming. People in various part of the world are under prodigious threat due to unenviable changes in the physical-chemical and biological properties of an ecosystem. Due to anthropogenic causes like industrialization, the use of fertilizers and urbanization leads to highly polluted water bodies that include fresh and brackish water. These changes influence the harmful growth of cyanobacteria that is blue green algae. cyanoHABs (Cyanobacterial Harmful Algal Blooms)  became a worldwide threat to drinking and recreational purpose due to its adopting nature according to the temperature fluctuations. In this study, a basic introduction to cyanotoxins as well as the entanglement of public health that includes route of exposure health effects and the pervasive impact of cyanotoxins and alleviation efforts in the waterbodies along with that the toxicosis. Cyanobacterial toxins such as hepatotoxicosis, neurotoxicosis, gastrointestinal disturbances respiratory and allergic reactions were reviewed. Their detection process and the treatment techniques with various physicochemical methods and bioassay methods were also reviewed

Ultra Structural Analysis and Lipid Staining of Biodiesel Producing Microalgae - Chlorella vulgaris Collected from Various Ponds in Tamil Nadu, India

The present research paper describes to evaluate 10 different Microalgal lipid contents by Nile red and Bodipy staining. The ultra structural studies carried out by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). The micro algal samples were collected from province of Tamil Nadu, located in Southern India.  Compare to Nile Red stain Bodipy is a specific stain for to detect lipid content present in the living algal cells. In this study clearly describe Chlorella vulgaris stained by Bodipy have shown more lipid content than other microalgae collected from various location

Isolation, Identification, Morphological Studies and Lipid Granules Staining (Nile red) of Different Micro-Algae for Biodiesel Production from Fresh Water and Saline Water

In the present study, the algal samples were collected from temple tanks, saline water in Chennai, Mahapaliburam and Kovallam. Collections were carried out during the month of September 2010 and February 2011. Samples were studied in the laboratory and identified. In their surveyed the population, identification, morphological, and examined the Nile red method with microalgae genus of various classes. Various physical and chemical treatments were applied to the existing Nile red method to improve the effectiveness and efficiency. The following algae were present Chlorella vulgaris, Nannnochloropsis, Dunaliella tertiolecta, Tetraselmis suecica, Chlorococcum humicolo, Scenedesmus acuminatus, Amphora coffeaformis, and Nitzschia longissima. Algae are described with photographs

Ethnobotanical Survey of Folklore Plants for the Treatment of Jaundice and Snakebites in Vellore Districts of Tamilnadu, India

An ethnobotanical survey was undertaken to collect information from local people about the use of medicinal plants in Vellore district. Local people use certain folklore medicinal plants for the treatment of Jaundice and Snakebite. The Knowledge about the medicinal plants has been transmitted orally from generation. The investigations revealed that there are about 22 species of plants to treat Jaundice and Snakebite. Jaundice and Snakebite are the common problems among the local people. The study indicates that the local inhabitants rely on medicinal plants for treatment

A Neural Radiance Field-Based Architecture for Intelligent Multilayered View Synthesis

A mobile ad hoc network is made up of a number of wireless portable nodes that spontaneously come together en route for establish a transitory network with no need for any central management. A mobile ad hoc network (MANET) is made up of a sizable and reasonably dense community of mobile nodes that travel across any terrain and rely solely on wireless interfaces for communication, not on any well before centralized management. Furthermore, routing be supposed to offer a method for instantly delivering data across a network between any two nodes. Finding the best packet routing from across infrastructure is the major issue, though. The proposed protocol's major goal is to identify the least-expensive nominal capacity acquisition that assures the transportation of realistic transport that ensures its durability in the event of any node failure. This study suggests the Optimized Route Selection via Red Imported Fire Ants (RIFA) Strategy as a way to improve on-demand source routing systems. Predicting Route Failure and energy Utilization is used to pick the path during the routing phase. Proposed work assess the results of the comparisons based on performance parameters like as energy usage, packet delivery rate (PDR), and end-to-end (E2E) delay. The outcome demonstrates that the proposed strategy is preferable and increases network lifetime while lowering node energy consumption and typical E2E delay under the majority of network performance measures and factors

Metal oxide semiconducting interfacial layers for photovoltaic and photocatalytic applications

The present review rationalizes the significance of the metal oxide semiconductor (MOS) interfaces in the field of photovoltaics and photocatalysis. This perspective considers the role of interface science in energy harvesting using organic photovoltaics (OPVs) and dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). These interfaces include large surface area junctions between photoelectrodes and dyes, the interlayer grain boundaries within the photoanodes, and the interfaces between photoactive layers and the top and bottom contacts. Controlling the collection and minimizing the trapping of charge carriers at these boundaries is crucial to overall power conversion efficiency of solar cells. Similarly, MOS photocatalysts exhibit strong variations in their photocatalytic activities as a function of band structure and surface states. Here, the MOS interface plays a vital role in the generation of OH radicals, which forms the basis of the photocatalytic processes. The physical chemistry and materials science of these MOS interfaces and their influence on device performance are also discussed

Effect of Trade Liberalization on the Efficiency of Indian Dairy Industry

India is the largest producer of milk, and milk is the second largest agricultural commodity after rice in terms of its contribution to agricultural gross domestic product. Having achieved selfsufficiency in milk production, the emphasis now is shifting towards value addition to improve the share of dairy products in global trade, which hitherto has remained negligible. Most of the Indian dairy products are not export competitive. The lack of competitiveness is often attributed to inefficiency in the processing industry. Further, the international diary markets, remains distorted due to protectionist policies followed in the developed world. Under such a situation India has a daunting task to make its presence felt in the world market. Using data from Annual Survey of Industries, this study has analyzed the effects of trade liberalization on performance of dairy industry. Technical and scale efficiency were estimated using non-parametric approach called Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA). The effect of economic reforms on dairy industry was measured in terms of association between the effective protection coefficient and performance indicators of the industry. Except the employment, other indicators such as gross output, net value added, capital and labour productivity and technical and scale efficiency were negatively correlated with the protection level. This indicates that dismantling the protection structures would help improve the performance of the dairy industry

Optimization of Growth Regulators for Induction of Callus from Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum)

The objective of this study was to optimize the concentration of different plant growth regulators or hormones for callus induction of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). Different types and concentrations of growth regulators were tested in order to obtain the best callus formation. Four growth hormones such as 1-naphthaleneacetic acid NAP), 6-Benzylaminopurine (BAP), Kinetin and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4–D) were used in this study. It was found that growth regulator type and concentration had a significant effect on the callus induction, the increment of callus index and callus physical appearance. The higher frequency of callus growth (95-100%) were observed on both epicotyls and cotyledon explants cultured on basal medium supplemented with 0.1mg/l NAA + 0.5mg/l Bap and various concentrations such as 0.2+0.1, 0.5+0.1, 1.0+0.2mg/l of NAA + BAP also shows good callus response but at higher concentration of the same hormones shuts the callus growth. The concentration of BAP and 2,4-D also shows good callus response in higher concentration whereas low concentrations of this hormone combination show nil effect. The morphology of callus differs upon the hormonal concentration from green to white and green to brown with various textures. This protocol paves the way for the development of in vitro regeneration for cotton and consequently will promote the application of plant tissue culture