Transforming membrane technologies as appropriate technologies through cost-effective enhancements

Publications. All rights reserved.Utilisation of solar ponds in the operation of membrane distillation (MD) could improve the cost-effectiveness of water production from inland brackish water sources. Similarly, capacitive deionisation with renewable energy would also provide cost-effective water production. While, solar ponds could help to run either MD alone or MD coupled with reverse osmosis (RO), capacitive de-ionisation will be cheaper to operate when brackish water to be treated. This study discusses details of (i) Optimal footprint of a solar pond for the operation of MD or RO/MD system, and (ii) Appropriate configuration of capacitive de-ionisation system