EPIDEMICS OF SEVERE ACUTE RESPIRATORY SYNDROME (SARS) IN THE WORLD (REVIEW)

Study materials of a new disease epidemic, symbolically named as a severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), emerged in the late 2002 at south China are reviewed. The significance of the first patients as the major sources of the infection around which plural foci were formed is shown. Infections happened in hotels, hospitals, multistory dwelling houses and in places of mass crowds. Medical workers are attributed to a group of high infection risk. The role of high-speed transport means in the disease dissemination to short and long distances is established. This infection was imported to 32 countries on five continents, but the secondary epidemic complications occurred only in Hong Kong, Singapore, Taiwan, Vietnam and Canada. Global SARS dissemination requires international collaboration and coordination of this infection surveillance system

ANTHRAX IN THE ASIAN PART OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION. COMMUNICATION 2. UP-TO-DATE EPIZOOTIOLOGICAL AND EPIDEMIOLOGICAL SITUATION IN SIBERIA AND AT THE FAR EAST (1985–2016)

7201 stationary hazardous as regards anthrax points (SHAP) and 557 anthrax burial places are registered in Siberia and the Far East. Epizootiological and epidemiological situation for anthrax in the Asian part of the Russian Federation is characterized at present by uneven geographical distribution and predominance of old non-manifested shaps (98.9 %), and epizootic outbreaks with epidemic complications (82.5 %). In the Siberian Far North and four southern areas of the region it remains hazardous. Reduction of livestock population in 1990s lead to agricultural animals morbidity decline, thus morbidity among deers dominated (80.2). Sporadic pattern of the epidemic process was observed. The majority of patients were unvaccinated rural population (97.5 %), males (77.5 %), ablebodied citizens infected during constrained slaughtering (90.5 %). Meat and meat products were main transmission factors (96.4 %). Cutaneous anthrax prevailed. Anthrax outbreak in the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous District in 2016 outlined the necessity of effective interdepartmental interaction and optimization of normative regulation on disposal of fallen cattle and condition of anthrax burial places

SEVERE ACUTE RESPIRATORY SYNDROME (SARS) – A NEW INFECTIOUS DISEASE AND MAIN PROBLEMS OF ITS PROPHYLAXIS IN ASIAN PART OF RUSSIA

Publications, directive and instructionalmethodical papers of WHO, Government and Ministry of Public Health of Russian Federation prepared due to SARS epidemics are reviewed. A brief characteristics of the new disease is represented, the history of the virus discovery, the disease dynamics and SARS dissemination in the world in 2003 are described. Information about SARS suspected cases in Russia and main data on laboratory and clinical epidemiological diagnostics are represented. Measures undertaken for the new disease control are considered in the concluding part of the review. Peculiarities of Siberia and Far East (the region closely connected with the most SARS affected Asian countries) are marked

Tactics for Specialized Anti-Epidemic Team (SAET) Deployment under the Conditions of Large-Scale High Water in the Far Eastern Territory. Communication 1. Peculiarities of the Rospotrebnadzor SAET Operation in the Amur Region

Abnormal rainfall flood in the Amur-River region, July-September, 2013, set the scene for aggravation of epidemiological situation on diarrheal diseases, as well as droplet spread infections, and natural-focal infections and diseases, common for both humans and animals. To stabilize the situation in flooded areas of three territorial entities in the Far East region involved were SAETs of the Irkutsk Research Anti-Plague Institute: SAET 1 (the Amur region) and SAET 2 (the Khabarovsk Territory and Jewish Autonomous Region). Within the frames of Rospotrebnadzor Decree implementation SAET 1 was transported to the Amur Region by means of airlift. Mobile unit performed its operations independently, in an autonomous mode. Laboratory facilities were set up on the base of pneumo-framed modules. The aim of the SAET consisted in carrying out a complex of measures related to sanitary-hygienic and epidemiological monitoring in the territory of the municipal entities devastated by floods. SAET 1 completed its mission successfully

MODERN TRENDS OF THE SPREADING LEPTOSPIROSIS OVERSEAS

In this study the increased number of the imported cases from endemic countries or occurring of the disease in earlier unknown natural leptospirosis foci in the world among participants of various extreme competitions, hostilities and travelers was revealed at analysis of the epidemiological leptospirosis situation. New human risk groups subjected to infection were determined

Results of Work of the Specialized Anti-Epidemic Teams of the Irkutsk Research Anti-Plague Institute in the Amur Region, Khabarovsk Territory and the Jewish Autonomous Region in 2013

Displayed are the major results of work of the specialized anti-epidemic teams from Irkutsk Research Anti-Plague Institute, aimed at the provision for sanitary-epidemiological welfare of the population in the Amur Region, Khabarovsk Territory and the Jewish Autonomous Region, devastated by the abnormally high water, in 2013. Represented are the data on sanitary-hygienic and epidemiological monitoring over the territory of the worst-hit areas. Revealed are the findings as regards examination of water samples obtained from the centralized and decentralized water supplies, surface water reservoirs and treatment facilities for presence of Vibrio cholerae , and of clinical material - for intestinal viruses, as well as serological screening of the decreed groups and foreign citizens temporarily working in the Russian Federation. Presented are the results of epizootiological-epidemiological inspection of the endemic areas for natural-focal infections, and also potentially hazardous areas as concerns anthrax, situated within the bonds of the flooded territories. Total of 3626 samples have been tested, 15502 analyses for 23 nosological entities have been performed

Tactics for Specialized Anti-Epidemic Team (SAET) Deployment under the Conditions of Large-Scale High Water in the Far Eastern Territory. Communication 2. Peculiarities of Operational Activities of the Laboratory-Epidemiological SAET Reinforcement Unit Deployed in the Khabarovsk Territory and the Jewish Autonomous Region

Taking into consideration emergency conditions of rainfall flooding in the Khabarovsk Territory and the Jewish Autonomous Region in August-September 2013, forming premises for aggravation of the epidemiological situation a decision was made to deploy a laboratory-epidemiological SAET reinforcement unit No. 2 (SAET-2) from Irkutsk Research Anti-Plague Institute into the exposed area. SAET-2 staff was step-by-step relocated to the site of emergency to participate in the inspectional operations. Withdrawal of specialists was also performed on a stage-by-stage basis as the work advanced. For the first time ever SAET was established right at the natural disaster site and recruited from experts who are on regular SAET-2 staff of the Irkutsk Research Anti-Plague Institute, and from personnel reserve of the Rospotrebnadzor institutions in the Khabarovsk Territory. Complex approach, applied for the management of its work, allowed for alliance of forces and facilities of various Rospotrebnadzor territorial establishments, Rosselkhoznadzor and veterinary medicine institutions into the uniform mobile specialized brigade avoiding overlap of responsibilities and interference into day-to-day operational activities of Rospotrebnadzor territorial institutions. SAET-2 was to implement a complex of measures for sanitary-hygienic and epidemiological surveillance over the municipal territories suffered from flood. Team operational activities were carried out on the basis of stationary laboratories at the territorial establishments of Rospotrebnadzor in the Khabarovsk Territory and the Jewish Autonomous Region that were converted for working under emergency conditions mode. The mobile brigade has performed the tasks successfully. It has provided sanitary-epidemiological welfare of the population under emergency conditions of rainfall flood

The Role of Anti-Plague Institutions in Provision of the Epidemiological Well-Being During the Preparation and Carrying out of the APEC 2012 Summit

Summarized are the results of the work on provision of sanitary and epidemiological well-being during the arrangement and carrying out the APEC Summit on the Russky Island. The set of organizational and prophylactic measures aimed at prevention of potential danger of emergency situation of sanitary and epidemiological character is presented. Measures on provision of epidemiological well-being of the participants and guests of the APEC Summit, based upon interaction of the regional plague-control institutions with anti-epidemic and health services of the Primorsky Region, demonstrated their efficiency. Epidemiological situation on the Russky Island and Vladivostok city was safe. The materials presented can be used to develop a set of measures ensuring the epidemiological well-being during large scale political and economic events holding at the national and international levels

Study of the Effect of a Biologically Active Compound Tris(2-hydroxyethyl)ammonium 4-Chlorophenylsulfanylacetate on the Growth of Listeria monocytogenes and Staphylococcus aureus

Background. Development of nutrient media ensuring the maximum growth rate of pathogens of dangerous infectious diseases while preserving their biological properties is extremely important. A promising direction in this area seems to be the use of synthetic microbial growth biostimulants.The aim of the work is to study the possibility of improving nutrient media for the cultivation of Listeria and Staphylococcus using a biologically active compound tris(2-hydroxyethyl)ammonium 4-chlorophenylsulfanylacetate.Materials and methods. The object of the study was experimental nutrient medium for the cultivation of Listeria used for the culturing of the test strain Listeria monocytogenes 766. As a comparison medium, commercial medium Fraser broth to which agar was added at a concentration of 1.5 %, was used. The test strain Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538-P (FDA 209-P) was cultivated on meat-peptone agar with 1% glucose. The compound tris(2-hydroxyethyl) ammonium (4-chlorophenyl)sulfanylacetate at a concentration of 10–4 wt. % was studied as a growth stimulator. A nutrient medium without a stimulant served as a control. The specific activity of nutrient media (germination rate, medium sensitivity, growth rate and stability of the main biological properties of microorganisms) was evaluated by the microbiological method.Results. Studies have shown that the addition of a growth stimulator to nutrient media contributes to the growth of colonies (by 10–50 %) and a decrease in the time of their development. When growth stimulator was added to the nutrient medium for the cultivation of Listeria, the initial growth of colonies of the L. monocytogenes 766 test strain after 12 hours of cultivation and growth of colonies of the test strain S. aureus ATCC 6538-P after 6 hours of cultivation on the meat-peptone agar with 1% glucose was observed.Conclusion. Thus, the addition of a growth biostimulator tris(2-hydroxyethyl)ammonium 4-chlorophenylsulfanyl acetate at a concentration of 10–4 wt. % in the nutrient medium accelerates the growth of Listeria and Staphylococcus, allows to reduce the time of issuance of the analysis result in half

Designing a Nutrient Medium for the Accumulation of Microbial Mass of Listeria

Background. To obtain reliable results of laboratory studies on the identification of Listeria, the presence of certified diagnostic agglutinating Listeria sera is required. An important step in the manufacturing process of such medical devices for in vitro diagnostics requires effective nutrient media for the accumulation of listeriosis microbe. Aim of the research. To develop an effective nutrient medium for the accumulation of bacterial mass of Listeria. Materials and methods. The object of the study was an experimental culture medium for Listeria cultivation. As a control, we used nutrient agar for the cultivation of microorganisms (fish meal hydrolysate, FMH-agar) and meat-peptone agar with 1 % glucose (MPA with 1 % glucose). The specific activity of nutrient media during cultivation of the test strain Listeria monocytogenes 766 was evaluated using a complex of microbiological methods. Results. The optimal base of the nutrient medium for Listeria cultivation has been selected: pancreatic hydrolysate of river magpie fish (Rutilus rutilus lacustris) and hydrolysate of meat water production waste. The qualitative and quantitative composition of the nutrient medium has been developed, its physical, chemical and biological properties have been studied. It was found that after 24 hours of incubation at 37 °C, the nutrient medium provided the growth of typical Listeria colonies. The germination rate was 85 %, which is higher compared to the growth of the culture on MPA with 1 % glucose and GRM agar by an average of 21 % (p < 0,05). Conclusion. The experimental culture medium for Listeria cultivation provided growth of colonies of the test strain L. monocytogenes 766 with the preservation of characteristic cultural, morphological and biochemical properties, and, in terms of germination and growth rate, exceeded the control media. The developed nutrient medium provides effective growth of Listeria and can be used as a medium for the accumulation of microbial mass