Peyer's Patches Are Precocious to the Appendix in Human Development

PP are first visible at ∼15.5 wk gestation after which there is a rapid spurt in the development and maturation of lymphoid follicles so that at any given point of time new foci of PP development are continuously formed at a rapid rate. Addition of rows of follicles results in the formation of a PP. Immature PP of younger fetuses have a spongy structure in contrast with the compact lymphoid follicles of mature PP of older fetuses. Immunocytochemical studies reveal that there is a subtle gradation in the expression of lymphocyte surface markers with increasing fetal age. Expression of antigenic markers occurs in an ordered sequence viz. HLA – DR, CD19 (B cell population), CD9 (pre-B cells), CD3 T lymphocytes, CD4 helper / inducer lymphocytes, the CD8 suppressor / cytotoxic cells and lastly, the CD57 Natural Killer cells. The antigens are expressed first on lymphocytes of PP and thereafter in those of the appendix. Our findings clearly demonstrate that the ∼5 wk fetal period from 17.5 wk to 22 wk represents a major growth phase in the development of surface markers of lymphocytes in the mucosal immune system of the gut

Diffusion of hydrocarbons in confined media: translational and rotational motion

Diffusion of monatomic guest species within confined media has been understood to a good degree due to investigations carried out during the past decade and a half. Most guest species that are of industrial relevance are actually polyatomics such as, for example, hydrocarbons in zeolites. We attempt to investigate the influence of non-spherical nature of guest species on diffusion. Recent molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of motion of methane in NaCaA and NaY, benzene in NaY and one-dimensional channels AlPO4−5, VPI-5 and carbon nanotube indicate interesting insights into the influence of the host on rotational degrees of freedom and orientational properties. It is shown that benzene in one-dimensional channels where the levitation parameter is near unity exhibits translational motion opposite to what is expected on the basis of molecular anisotropy. Rotational motion of benzene also possesses rotational diffusivities aroundC6 and C2axes opposite to what is expected on the basis of molecular geometry. Methane shows orientational preference for 2+2 or 1+3 depending on the magnitude of the levitation parameter

Solid crystalline polymorphism in M-21

This paper reports on the different solid crystalline (SC) forms of 4-cyano-4'-heptyloxy biphenyl (M-21) as revealed through differential scanning calorimetric, polarizing microscopic and infrared spectroscopic investigations. There are three solid crystalline modifications, namely SCI,SCII,SCIII. The appearance and preponderance of the SC forms depend critically on the manner in which the liquid crystalline melt solidifies. Each SC phase has its CN stretching band split into two components because of Davydov or correlation splitting. The position, separation and relative intensities of the two components characterize each SC phase. The systematic study of the variations in these three features with temperature leads to interesting information about the intermolecular ordering forces and the spatial arrangement of the molecules in the unit cell. It is shown that the intermolecular interactions of the dipolar nature play a dominant role in the SC phases but contribute negligibly in stabilizing the nematic phase. The angle between the correlated molecules in the unit cell changes in the order SCI> SCII > SCIII > nematic = 0, resulting in parallel arrangement of molecules in the nematic phase

Onset of Nucleate Boiling and Critical Heat Flux with Boiling Water in Microchannels

This paper focuses on experimental determination of onset of nucleate boiling (ONB) and critical heat flux (CHF) at the microscales, and comparison of these with available correlations. The working fluid is deionised water and microchannel of four different hydraulic diameters: 65, 70, 107 and 125 m, have been tested. Effect of hydraulic diameter (65-125 m), mass flux (60-1410 kg/m2s) and heat flux (0-910 kW/m2) on ONB and CHF has been studied in detail. The heat flux for onset of nucleate boiling increases with hydraulic diameter and mass flux. The critical heat flux tends to increase with a decrease in hydraulic diameter and with increasing mass flux. The effect of surface roughness on CHF has also been tested to a limited extent; no clear change in the CHF value was observed upon changing the surface roughness by an order of magnitude. The empirical correlations tested in this study predict the experimental data to varying extent. These results may help better determine the lower and upper limits of heat flux while designing heat sink for electronic cooling

Onset of Nucleate Boiling and Critical Heat Flux with Boiling Water in Microchannels

This paper focuses on experimental determination of onset of nucleate boiling\ud (ONB) and critical heat flux (CHF) at the microscales, and comparison of these with\ud available correlations. The working fluid is deionised water and microchannel of four\ud different hydraulic diameters: 65, 70, 107 and 125 m, have been tested. Effect of\ud hydraulic diameter (65-125 m), mass flux (60-1410 kg/m2s) and heat flux (0-910\ud kW/m2) on ONB and CHF has been studied in detail. The heat flux for onset of nucleate\ud boiling increases with hydraulic diameter and mass flux. The critical heat flux tends to\ud increase with a decrease in hydraulic diameter and with increasing mass flux. The effect\ud of surface roughness on CHF has also been tested to a limited extent; no clear change in\ud the CHF value was observed upon changing the surface roughness by an order of\ud magnitude. The empirical correlations tested in this study predict the experimental data to\ud varying extent. These results may help better determine the lower and upper limits of heat\ud flux while designing heat sink for electronic cooling

Non-immune fetal hydrops: etiology and outcome according to gestational age at diagnosis.

OBJECTIVE: Fetal hydrops is associated with increased perinatal morbidity and mortality. The etiology and outcome of fetal hydrops may differ according to the gestational age at diagnosis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the cause, evolution and outcome of non-immune fetal hydrops (NIFH), according to the gestational age at diagnosis. METHODS: This was a retrospective cohort study of all singleton pregnancies complicated by NIFH, at the Fetal Medicine Unit at St George's University Hospital, London, UK, between 2000 and 2018. All fetuses had detailed anomaly and cardiac ultrasound scans, karyotyping and infection screening. Prenatal diagnostic and therapeutic intervention, gestational age at diagnosis and delivery, as well as pregnancy outcome, were recorded. Regression analysis was used to test for potential association between possible risk factors and perinatal mortality. RESULTS: We included 273 fetuses with NIFH. The etiology of the condition varied significantly in the three trimesters. Excluding 30 women who declined invasive testing, the cause of NIFH was defined as unknown in 62 of the remaining 243 cases (25.5%). Chromosomal aneuploidy was the most common cause of NIFH in the first trimester. It continued to be a significant etiologic factor in the second trimester, along with congenital infection. In the third trimester, the most common etiology was cardiovascular abnormality. Among the 152 (55.7%) women continuing the pregnancy, 48 (31.6%) underwent fetal intervention, including the insertion of pleuroamniotic shunts, fetal blood transfusion and thoracentesis. Fetal intervention was associated significantly with lower perinatal mortality (odds ratio (OR), 0.30 (95% CI, 0.14-0.61); P  0.05). CONCLUSIONS: An earlier gestational age at diagnosis of NIFH was associated with an increased risk of aneuploidy and worse pregnancy outcome, including a higher risk of perinatal loss. Fetal therapy was associated significantly with lower perinatal mortality. © 2020 The Authors. Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of the International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology

Diagnostic accuracy of midtrimester antenatal ultrasound for multicystic dysplastic kidneys

OBJECTIVES: To establish the diagnostic accuracy of obstetric ultrasound at a tertiary fetal medicine centre in the prenatal detection of unilateral and bilateral MCDK in fetuses where this condition was suspected; and to undertake a systematic review of the literature on this topic. METHODS: Retrospective observational study of all cases with an antenatal diagnosis of either unilateral or bilateral MCDK referred to a regional tertiary fetal medicine unit between 1997 and 2015. Postnatal diagnosis was confirmed by postnatal ultrasound reports or postmortem examination. The accuracy for prenatal ultrasound in the diagnosis of MCDK was calculated. We also performed a review of the literature using a systematic search strategy, regarding the prenatal diagnosis and diagnostic accuracy of MCDK. RESULTS: We included 144 women in the analysis; 37 (25.7%) opted for pregnancy termination (due to unilateral MCDK with additional abnormalities, bilateral suspected MCDK or severe obstructive uropathy). In 126 women all pre- and postnatal data were available, including 104 livebirths; 19 who opted for TOP and where PM was available; and 3 that had an intrauterine fetal death. Two infants died shortly after birth, (due to known bilateral MCDK and known cranial vault defect). The overall number of postnatally confirmed MCDK was 100: of these 98 were diagnosed prenatally (true positive), while 2 were thought to be hydronephrosis prenatally (false negative) and the diagnosis of MCDK was made after birth. In 9 cases the initial antenatal diagnosis of suspected MCDK was revised, either later in pregnancy (n = 2) or postnatally (n = 7). The overall diagnostic accuracy of MCDK reported in the existing literature was found to range from 53.3 to 100%. MCDK was isolated in the majority of cases, while in 29% of cases was found to be associated with other renal and extra-renal fetal abnormalities. CONCLUSIONS: Our study suggests that the diagnostic accuracy for the use of antenatal ultrasound to detect postnatal MCDK was about 91% and can therefore be used to guide antenatal counselling. However, prenatal or postnatal revision of the diagnosis occurs in about 7% of cases and parents should be counselled appropriately