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Parton distributions
I discuss our current understanding of parton distributions. I begin with the underlying theoretical framework, and the way in which different data sets constrain different partons, highlighting recent developments. The methods of examining the uncertainties on the distributions and those physical quantities dependent on them is analyzed. Finally I look at the evidence that additional theoretical corrections beyond NLO perturbative QCD may be necessary, what type of corrections are indicated and the impact these may have on the uncertainties.</jats:p
Study of the electron trigger efficiency of the CMS Experiment using test beam data
A study of the electron identification and selection efficiency of the L1
Trigger algorithm has been performed using the combined ECAL/HCAL test beam
data. A detailed discussion of the electron isolation and its impact on the
selection efficiency is presented. The L1 electron algorithm is studied for
different beam energies and the results indicate that efficiencies of 98% or
more can be achieved for electrons with energies between 15 and 100 GeV. The
fraction of charged hadrons with energies from 3 up to 100 GeV rejected by the
L1 electron trigger algorithm is estimated to be larger than 93%.Comment: 22 pages, 14 figure
Measurement of kinematic and nuclear dependence of R = σ_L/σ_T in deep inelastic electron scattering
We report results on a precision measurement of the ratio R=σ_L/σ_T in deep inelastic electron-nucleon scattering in the kinematic range 0.2≤x≤0.5 and 1≤Q^2≤10 (GeV/c)^2. Our results show, for the first time, a clear falloff of R with increasing Q^2. Our R results are in agreement with QCD predictions only when corrections for target mass effects and some additional higher twist effects are included. At small x, the data on R favor structure functions with a large gluon contribution. We also report results on the differences R_A-R_D and the cross section ratio σ^A/σ^D between Fe and Au nuclei and the deuteron. Our results for R_A-R_D are consistent with zero for all x, Q^2 indicating that possible contributions to R from nuclear higher twist effects and spin-0 constituents in nuclei are not different from those in nucleons. The ratios σ^A/σ^D from all recent experiments, at all x, Q^2 values, are now in agreement
Measurement of the Difference in R=σ_L/σ_T and of σ^A/σ^D in Deep-Inelastic e-D, e-Fe, and e-Au Scattering
We measured the differences in R=σ_L/σ_T and the cross-section ratio σA/σD in deep-inelastic electron scattering from D, Fe, and Au nuclei in the kinematic range 0.2≤x≤0.5 and 1≤Q^2≤5 (Gev/c)^2. Our results for R^A-R^D are consistent with zero for all x and Q^2, indicating that possible contributions to R from nuclear higher-twist effects and spin-0 constituents in nuclei are not different from those in nucleons. The European Muon Collaboration effect is reconfirmed, and the low-x data from all recent experiments, at all Q^2, are now in agreement
Higher Prices for Larger Quantities? Non-Monotonic Price-Quantity Relations in B2B Markets
We study a microprocessor company selling short-life-cycle products to a set of buyers that includes large consumer electronic goods manufacturers. The seller has a limited capacity for each product and negotiates with each buyer for the price. Our analysis of their sales data reveals that larger purchases do not always result in bigger discounts. Instead, the discount curve is like an 'N'. While existing theories cannot explain this non-monotonic pattern, we develop an analytical model and show that the non-monotonicity is rooted in how the seller values capacity when negotiating with a buyer. Large buyers accelerate the selling process and small buyers are helpful in consuming the residual capacity. However, satisfying mid-sized buyers may be costly because supplying these buyers can make it difficult to utilize the remaining capacity, which is often too much for small buyers but not enough for large buyers. Our findings have implications for capacity rationing and posted pricing and the logic applies to many other industries.postprin
Radiative Corrections to Electron-Proton Scattering
The radiative corrections to elastic electron-proton scattering are analyzed
in a hadronic model including the finite size of the nucleon. For initial
electron energies above 8 GeV and large scattering angles, the proton vertex
correction in this model increases by at least two percent the overall factor
by which the one-photon exchange (Rosenbluth) cross section must be multiplied.
The contribution of soft photon emission is calculated exactly. Comparison is
made with the generally used expressions previously obtained by Mo and Tsai.
Results are presented for some kinematics at high momentum transfer.Comment: 31 pages, 4 figure
Extended Superscaling of Electron Scattering from Nuclei
An extended study of scaling of the first and second kinds for inclusive
electron scattering from nuclei is presented. Emphasis is placed on the
transverse response in the kinematic region lying above the quasielastic peak.
In particular, for the region in which electroproduction of resonances is
expected to be important, approximate scaling of the second kind is observed
and the modest breaking of it is shown probably to be due to the role played by
an inelastic version of the usual scaling variable.Comment: LaTeX, 36 pages including 5 color postscript figures and 4 postscript
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Growth Kinetics and Production of Glucose Oxidase Using Aspergillus niger NRRL 326
In this paper, we demonstrate the substrate inhibition phenomena for growth kinetics of Aspergillus niger NRRL 326 grown on sucrose during glucose oxidase production. The initial set of experiments were carried out using three different substrates, viz., glucose, sucrose and raffinose of which it was observed that sucrose serves better for higher production of glucose oxidase. Experiments involving sensitivity studies conveyed that substrate inhibition became predominant when sucrose mass concentration was above γ = 30 g L-1 in the cultivation medium. The later part of the work was dovetailed towards validation of substrate inhibited growth kinetics with established models such as Haldane, Andrews, Luong, Han-Levenspiel and Aiba. Finally, it was observed that none of the classical models explains the kinetics well
Growth Kinetics and Production of Glucose Oxidase Using Aspergillus niger NRRL 326
In this paper, we demonstrate the substrate inhibition phenomena for growth kinetics of Aspergillus niger NRRL 326 grown on sucrose during glucose oxidase production. The initial set of experiments were carried out using three different substrates, viz., glucose, sucrose and raffinose of which it was observed that sucrose serves better for higher production of glucose oxidase. Experiments involving sensitivity studies conveyed that substrate inhibition became predominant when sucrose mass concentration was above γ = 30 g L-1 in the cultivation medium. The later part of the work was dovetailed towards validation of substrate inhibited growth kinetics with established models such as Haldane, Andrews, Luong, Han-Levenspiel and Aiba. Finally, it was observed that none of the classical models explains the kinetics well
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