Expression of Doublecortin and NeuN in Developing Neurons in the Rat Cerebellum

cerebellum, neurons, development, doublecortin, NeuN.Experiments were performed on the offspring of five mongrel white rats using comparative immunochemical assessments of doublecortin (DCX) and neuronal nuclear antigen (NeuN) expression in neurons in the cortex and nucleus interpositus of the cerebellum in animals during early postnatal ontogeny (days 2-15). DCX expression was seen in postmitotic neurons in the external granular layer and migrating neurons in the cerebellar cortex. DCX expression was greater in the neocerebellum than in the paleocerebellum in rat pups aged two and seven days. NeuN expression was seen in migrating granule neurons, reaching a maximum in more mature neurons in the internal granular layer. DCX expression was not seen in Purkinje cells or in neurons in the nucleus interpositus of the cerebellum. Neurons in the nucleus interpositus showed progressive increases in NeuN from day 2 to day 15 after birth. Thus, comparative immunohistochemical studies of the dynamics of the expression of this pair of molecular markers provide an effective means of evaluating the development of cerebellar granule neurons during early postnatal ontogeny

Expression of Doublecortin and NeuN in Developing Neurons in the Rat Cerebellum

cerebellum, neurons, development, doublecortin, NeuN.Experiments were performed on the offspring of five mongrel white rats using comparative immunochemical assessments of doublecortin (DCX) and neuronal nuclear antigen (NeuN) expression in neurons in the cortex and nucleus interpositus of the cerebellum in animals during early postnatal ontogeny (days 2-15). DCX expression was seen in postmitotic neurons in the external granular layer and migrating neurons in the cerebellar cortex. DCX expression was greater in the neocerebellum than in the paleocerebellum in rat pups aged two and seven days. NeuN expression was seen in migrating granule neurons, reaching a maximum in more mature neurons in the internal granular layer. DCX expression was not seen in Purkinje cells or in neurons in the nucleus interpositus of the cerebellum. Neurons in the nucleus interpositus showed progressive increases in NeuN from day 2 to day 15 after birth. Thus, comparative immunohistochemical studies of the dynamics of the expression of this pair of molecular markers provide an effective means of evaluating the development of cerebellar granule neurons during early postnatal ontogeny

BILE LOSS DAMAGES THE CEREBELLAR PURKINJE CELLS IN RATS

Aim: The aim of the study was the estimation of the structural and metabolic changes in cerebellar Purkinje cells of rats during the complete outside bile abduction. Material and methods: Experiments were performed on male Wistar rats weighing 200-250 g. In 26 rats the fistula of the common bile duct was made and all the bile secreted by the liver was collected through a plastic tube into the outside glass bile container. 20 animals of the control group underwent sham operation (no removal of bile). On the 1th, 3th, and 5th days after the operation the animals of the control and experimental groups were decapitated and cerebellum cortex samples were collected for histology and cytochemistry. Results: The loss of bile induced the gradual increase in structural and metabolic abnormalities of Purkinje cells resulting in severe, irreversible disturbances and even death of some of them. The gradual decrease in Purkinje cells size, the loss of their sphericity and elongation, followed by inhibition of succinate-, NADH-, glucose-6-phosphate-dehydrogenases and the activation of lactate dehydrogenase and the marker enzyme of lysosomes acid phosphatase were revealed. All the changes reflect the ratio of the processes of damage and adaptation in the affected neurons in bile absence in the body. Conclusion: Total loss of bile (on the 1st, 3rd, and 5th days) induces the gradual increase in structural and metabolic disturbances in cerebellum Purkinje cells and death of some of them

Structural and metabolic disturbances in brain histaminergic neurons following alcohol administration in rats

Aim: The aim of the study was to analyze the structural and metabolic disturbances in the brain histaminergic neurons in conditions of acute and subacute alcohol intoxications. Methods: Experiments were performed on 77 male Wistar rats weighing 175 ± 23 g. Rats of the 1st group were decapitated at 1 h after administration of the single dose of ethanol (4 g/kg as 20% saline solution (0.85 NaCl), i.p.). The rats of the 2nd group were decapitated at 1 h after the last administration of 20% ethanol solution in saline at a dose of 4 g/kg/day, i.p., for 7 days. Control animals were injected by the same volume of saline. Histaminergic neurons of the hypothalamus nucleus E2 were examined by the histological, histochemical, electron microscopic and morphometric methods. Results: Acute and subacute alcohol administrations cause disturbances of the cytoplasm chromatophilia of brain histaminergic neurons, lead to rounding of their perikarya and nuclei. Under the influence of subacute alcohol intoxication, the histaminergic neurons bodies become larger. Following single and seven-day ethanol administrations the metabolic activity of those neurons decreases. It is accompanied by acceleration of processes of the brain histamine oxidative deamination, activation of anaerobic glycolysis and intensification of autophagy processes. Single administration of alcohol leads to the development of destructive and adaptive ultrastructural changes in histaminergic neurons (activation of the nuclear apparatus, disturbance of the organization of mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus, lysosomal hyperplasia). Subacute alcohol administration induces more severe ultrastructural disorders. Conclusion: Acute and subacute alcohol intoxications lead to morphological and functional disorders of brain histaminergic neurons, adaptive structural and metabolic changes of those neurons, some being common to single and repeated administration regimes and others being dependent on duration of exposure to alcohol

The development of the internal pyramidal layer neurons of the brain parietal cortex in rats after prenatal alcohol exposure

The aim of the paper was to estimate histologically the effect of alcohol consumption by rats during pregnancy on the parietal cortex neurons development in their offspring. Female Wistar rats consumed a 15% solution of ethanol as a single source of drinking (3.64 ± 2.2 g/kg/day) throughout pregnancy, control rats received equivolume amounts of water. The offspring were decapitated on the 2-, 5-, 10-, 20-, 45-, and 90th days after birth and the samples of the brain parietal cortex were prepared for histological examination in combination with morphometry to examine the 5th layer inner pyramidal neurons. Results: Antenatal alcohol exposure in rats increased (on the 2nd and 5th postnatal days), and then reduced (on the 10th and 90th days) the parietal cortex thickness, decreased the amount of parietal cortex inner pyramidal neurons and increased the number of their pathological forms at all time intervals of the examination. Starting from the 20th postnatal day the shrinkage and cessation of the growth of inner pyramidal neurons was observed. Conclusion: Alcohol consumption by rats during pregnancy induces deep and long-term histological changes in the parietal cortex neurons in postnatal ontogenesis in rat offspring including early swelling and postpone shrinkage and the cessation of growth of the brain cortex inner pyramidal neurons

Dynamics of Histological Changes in the Frontal Cortex of the Brain in Rats Subjected to Antenatal Exposure to Alcohol

frontal cortex, neurons, antenatal alcoholization.The aim of the present work was to undertake a comparative study of the effects of prenatal alcoholization of the histological characteristics of neurons in the frontal cortex of the brains of rats of different ages. Experiments were performed on 175 mongrel white rats - the offspring of 25 females given 15% ethanol as drinking solution throughout pregnancy. The cerebral cortex was studied on postnatal days 2-90 using histological, histochemical, and morphometric methods. An increase (on days 2 and 5) followed by a decrease (on days 10 and 90) was seen in cortical thickness, with a decrease in neuron body size (on days 20-90), a decrease in the number of neurons in cortical layer V, a decrease in the number of normochromic cells, and increases in the numbers of hyperchromic shrunken neurons and ghost cells throughout the study period. Antenatal alcoholization in rats induced various histological changes in the frontal cortex, which were long-lasting and progressive during postnatal ontogeny

Synaptogenesis in the Developing Rat Cerebellum

cerebellum, development, synaptogenesis, synaptophysin.The aim of the present work was to perform a qualitative and quantitative evaluation of synaptogenesis in the developing rat cerebellum (2-45 days after birth) by immunohistochemical detection of the marker synaptophysin (Syn). Syn expression was detected in postmitotic neurons in the external granular layer and migrating precursors of cerebellar granular neurons. The width of the synaptogenesis zone in the molecular layer increased throughout the study period, and this was accompanied by a decrease in Syn immunore-activity. There was also a reduction in the number of Syn-immunopositive synapses around the perikarya of Purkinje cells from day 7 to day 15. The inner granular layer showed Syn-immunopositive dots, whose sizes increased from day 2 to day 45, which was associated with the formation of cerebellar glomeruli. The nucleus interpositus of the cerebellum showed an increase in the number and size of axosomatic synapses around neuron perikarya throughout the study period. Uneven groupings of Syn-positive axodendritic syn¬apses appeared in the neuropil

Maternal alcohol intake induces dramatic ultrastructural changes in offspring brain cortex neurons

The aim of the paper was to estimate consequences of alcohol consumption by rats during pregnancy on the brain frontal cortex 5th layer neurons ultrastructure in their offspring. Female Wistar rats consumed a 15% solution of ethanol as a single source of drinking (4.64 ± 2.19 g/kg/day) throughout pregnancy, control rats received aquivolume amount of water. The offspring were decapitated on the 45th day after birth and samples of frontal brain cortex were prepared for electron microscopy and histochemistry to examine the 5th layer neurons. Results: Antenatal alcohol exposure in rats at the 45th day after birth showed a significant reduction in the number of mitochondria per um2 of cytoplasm and the total length of their cristae, reduction of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) canal length and their clearance expansion, decrease in the bind ribosomes and increase in the free ribosomes number, expansion of the Golgi apparatus cisternae, increase in the lysosome number and size in the 5th layer frontal cortex pyramidal neurons. The histochemical examination revealed the inhibition of marker enzyme of mitochondria, NADH- dehydrogenase and succinate dehydrogenases as well as activation of marker enzyme of lysosomes, acid phosphatase in the cytoplasm of those neurons. Conclusion: Alcohol consumption by rats during pregnancy induces deep and long-term electron microscopic and histochemical changes in the brain cortex neurons in their offspring

3 Effects of Antenatal Alcoholization on Brain Cortex Neurons Postnatal Development in Rats

Ethanol consumption, pregnancy, off spring, frontal cortex, neuronsТhe aim of the paper was to estimate histologically the consequences of alcohol consumption by rats during pregnancy on the brain co rte x neurons development in their offspring. Female Wistar rats consumed a 15% solution of ethanol as a single source of drinking (4.64±2.19 g/kg/day) throughout pregnancy, control rats received aquivolume amount of water. The offspring were decapitated on the 2-, 5-, 10-, 20-, 45-, and 90th day after birth and samples of frontal brain cortex were prepared for microscopy histology, histochemistry and electron microscopy. Results: Antenatal alcohol exposure in rats increased, and then reduced the brain cortex thickness, the decrease being noted in the relative amount of brain cortex neurons and the increase in the number of their pathological forms in all time periods of the examination. Electron microscopy showed a significant reduction in the number of mitochondria per um2 of cytoplasm and the total length of their cristae, reduction of the rough endoplasmic reticulum canal length and their clearance expansion, decrease in the bind ribosomes and increase in the free ribosomes number, expansion of the Golgi apparatus cisternae, increase in the lysosome number and size in the cytoplasm of neurons. The histochemical examination revealed the inhibition of NADH-, NADPhH, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and succinate dehydrogenases as well as activation of lactate dehydrogenase and acid phosphatase. Antenatal alcoholization led to the decrease in the expression of synaptophisin (marker of synaptogenesis) and retarded the maturation of neurons in the frontal cortex, which resulted in the increase in the expression of double cortin, and decrease in the expression of neuronal nuclear antigen. Conclusion: Alcohol consumption by rats during pregnancy induces deep and long-term histological, histochemical, immune histochemical and electron microscopy changes in the brain cortex neurons in postnatal ontogenesis in rat offspring, including early swelling and postpone shrinkage and cessation of growth of brain cortex neurons