Oral Fluid–Based Biomarkers of Alveolar Bone Loss in Periodontitis

Periodontal disease is a bacteria-induced chronic inflammatory disease affecting the soft and hard supporting structures encompassing the teeth. When left untreated, the ultimate outcome is alveolar bone loss and exfoliation of the involved teeth. Traditional periodontal diagnostic methods include assessment of clinical parameters and radiographs. Though efficient, these conventional techniques are inherently limited in that only a historical perspective, not current appraisal, of disease status can be determined. Advances in the use of oral fluids as possible biological samples for objective measures of current disease state, treatment monitoring, and prognostic indicators have boosted saliva and other oral-based fluids to the forefront of technology. Oral fluids contain locally and systemically derived mediators of periodontal disease, including microbial, host-response, and bone-specific resorptive markers. Although most biomarkers in oral fluids represent inflammatory mediators, several specific collagen degradation and bone turnover-related molecules have emerged as possible measures of periodontal disease activity. Pyridinoline cross-linked carboxyterminal telopeptide (ICTP), for example, has been highly correlated with clinical features of the disease and decreases in response to intervention therapies, and has been shown to possess predictive properties for possible future disease activity. One foreseeable benefit of an oral fluid–based periodontal diagnostic would be identification of highly susceptible individuals prior to overt disease. Timely detection and diagnosis of disease may significantly affect the clinical management of periodontal patients by offering earlier, less invasive, and more cost-effective treatment therapies.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/73247/1/annals.1384.028.pd

Technical diagnostics with applied analysis of the vector acoustics fields

W artykule przedstawiono metodę graficznego opisu efektów promieniowania akustycznego w polu bliskim drgających struktur i elementów mechanicznych. W sposób eksperymentalny badano rozkład pola trójwymiarowego w pobliżu drgającej struktury pozwalający wskazać lokalne źródła i miejsca pochłaniania energii przez strukturę ("gorące punkty"). Badania własności wibroakustycznych prowadzone w warunkach rzeczywistych mają szczególne znaczenie praktyczne w diagnozowaniu technicznym maszyn i urządzeń, a zastosowanie metody natężeniowej wydaje się tu być rozwiązaniem optymalnymThis paper graphically described the acoustics radiation in a near field occur around the vibrating mechanical structures and elements. Experimental studies were carried out to examine a 3D wave in the air, close to the vibrating structure, looking for the local noise sources, from which the acoustic energy will be transmitted to outside. Measurements of acoustic intensity in the very near field of a vibrating surface reveal information about the location of sources and sinks of energy ("hot points"). Information about vibroacoustics behaviour obtained in this way in real working condition of the sources have the important practical aspects in technical diagnostics making the sound intensity (SI) measurement method the ideal choice

Acoustic Intensity Imaging Methods for in-situ Wave Propagation

In the paper the author has described the visualization methods in acoustic flow fields and show how these methods may assist scientists to gain understanding of complex acoustic energy flow in real-life field. A graphical method will be presented to determine the real acoustic wave distribution in the flow field. Visualization of research results, which is unavailable by conventional acoustics metrology, may be shown in the form of intensity streamlines in space, as a shape of floating acoustic wave and intensity isosurface in three-dimensional space. In traditional acoustic metrology, the analysis of acoustic fields concerns only the distribution of pressure levels (scalar variable), however in a real acoustic field both the scalar (acoustic pressure) and vector (the acoustic particle velocity) effects are closely related. Only when the acoustic field is described by both the potential and kinetic energies, we may understand the mechanisms of propagation, diffraction and scattering of acoustic waves on obstacles, as a form of energy image. This attribute of intensity method can also validate the results of CFD/CAA numerical modeling which is very important in any industry acoustic investigations

An Acoustics Intensity Based Investigation οf the Energy Flow Over the Barriers

Many of theoretical research of the acoustics fields provides useful information about pressure fields, but none currently offers a full mapping of the acoustic energy flow (vectorial effects) in front and back of any scattering systems working in 3D real environmental conditions. Interference, diffraction and scattering of waves made the real field very complex and difficult to the theoretical modelling. This is one of the reasons why the experimental investigations of acoustic fields using sound intensity (SI) technique are so effective and serviceable methods. The visualization of acoustic energy flow in real-life acoustic 3D space fields can explain many particulars energetic effects (perturbations and vortex flow, effects of scattering in direct and near field, etc.), concerning the areas in which it is difficult to make numerical modeling and analysis with the CFD-FSI-CAA simulation methods. The sound intensity image represents a more accurate and efficient information compare to the spatial sound fields modelled. The article presents the application of SI technique to graphic presentation of spatial distribution the acoustic energy flow over the barriers of various geometrical shapes structures located in a three-dimensional space. As the results of research, the graphic analysis of the sound intensity flux in 2D and 3D space is show. Visualisation of research results is shown in the form of intensity streamlines in space and as a shape of flow wave or isosurface in three-dimensional space. Numerous examples illustrate the application of the SI measurement for practical problems at the vibroacoustical diagnostic and noise abatement, as well as to the validation of results of CFD/CAA numerical modelling. The differences, if appearance, mainly result from the fact that theoretical forecasting uses far too big simplifications or that it is impossible to obtain proper data on real physical features of the tested area and structures

Przegląd rezultatów badań przepływów akustycznych wykonanych metodą pomiaru rozkładu natężenia dźwięku

A large variety of CFD/CAA hybrid approaches are commonly used today for aero-acoustic engineering applications using equations and the coupling between source and acoustic propagation region. The coupling is usually made using Lighthill 's acoustic analogies and Kirhchoff's acoustic boundary conditions. This paper intends to give answer how the size and shape of the source may be influence on the accuracy of the different coupling methods and their sensitivity. In this way, some experimental investigation was made using sound intensity measurement technique to the graphic presentation of the spatial distribution of the acoustic power flow over various geometrical shapes of structures located in a three-dimensional space. The results of these studies contribute to the theory of sound and general knowledge about the physics of flow acoustic phenomena, especially in the near acoustic field. As a result of research, the visualization analysis of the sound intensity flux in 3D space is shown as flow wave reactions on the presence of obstacles with different shapes. The results of vector flow fields around a rectangular and circular plate, over the cavity and inside a ducts are shown. The visualization of acoustic power flow in real-life acoustic fields can explain many particular energetic acoustic effects like scattering, vortex flow in shielding area, etc., concerning area where it is difficult to make numerical analysis.Duża różnorodność hybrydowych zastosowań technik CFD/CAA jest dzisiaj powszechnie używanym narzędziem w inżynierskich zastosowaniach aeroakustycznych wykorzystujących równania sprzęgające źródło drgań mechanicznych z polem propagacji akustycznej. Sprzęganie tych obszarów odbywa się zwykle za pomocą akustycznej analogii Lighthilla i akustycznych warunków brzegowych Kirhchoffa. W tej publikacji poszukuje się odpowiedzi, jak wielkość i kształt źródła wpływa na dokładność i wrażliwość różnych metod sprzęgania. W tym celu wykonano kilka badań eksperymentalnych z użyciem techniki pomiaru natężenia dźwięku obrazując przestrzenny rozkład przepływu energii akustycznej w otoczeniu przeszkód o różnych kształtach geometrycznych. Jako rezultaty badań przepływów pokazano reakcje fali akustycznej na różnego kształtu przeszkody wprowadzone w pole przepływowe. W formach graficznych przedstawiono wyniki badań przepływów wokół płaskiej i okrągłej płyty, nad wnęką akustyczną i we wnętrzach przewodów. Wizualizacja przepływu energii akustycznej w połach rzeczywistych może wyjaśnić wiele szczególnych efektów akustycznych, takich jak rozpraszanie i tworzenie się wirów za przeszkodą lub podobne reakcje w obszarach, dla których trudno jest budować modele numeryczne

The Use of Acoustic Vectors Decomposition of Sound Fields to Vibroacoustic Protection on Ships

In this paper, numerous examples will be illustrated as principles of applying the sound intensity measurements to practical problems at the noise abatement on ships and offshore constructions. The paper presents the results of transmission loss measurements together with flanking transmission for ship bulkheads and partitions with doors and windows. Investigations carried out with sound intensity measurement techniques will be compared against those made by classical methods. Finally for a few examples, the graphic presentation of spatial distribution of sound intensity vectors risen close to vibrating ship cabin partitions and inside the cabin will be shown in 2D and 3D graphical form. As a result, a two-dimensional acoustic wave flow map of time-averaged active intensity vectors propagated along curved streamlines and a vector perpendicular to measured plane are graphically illustrated. The technique of acoustic vectors decomposition of sound fields described, can enrich the knowledge of the mechanism of acoustic energy flux through ship partitions

Multi-Modal Acoustic Flow Decomposition Examined in a Hard Walled Cylindrical Duct

Flow fields could be of great interest in the study of sound propagation in aeroengines. For ducts with rigid boundaries, the fluid-resonant category may contribute significantly to unwanted noise. An understanding of the multi-modal propagation of acoustic waves in ducts is of practical interest for use in the control of noise in, for example, aero-engines, automotive exhaust and heating or ventilation systems. The purpose of our experiments was to test the acoustic energy transmission of duct modes based on studies carried out by the sound intensity technique. Sound intensity patterns in circular duct are discussed of modal energy analysis with particular reference to proper orthogonal decomposition and dynamic mode decomposition. The authors try to justify some advantages of the sound intensity experimental research in this area. In the paper, the wide-band sound signal propagated from source approximated with loudspeaker in hard-walled duct is imaged using a sound intensity – based approach. For a simple duct geometry, the sound intensity field is examined visually and by performing a modal decomposition greater insight into the acoustic structures is obtained. The image of sound intensity fields below and above “cut-off” frequency region are found to compare acoustic modes which might resonate in duct

Multi-Modal Acoustic Flow Decomposition Examined in a Hard Walled Cylindrical Duct

Flow fields could be of great interest in the study of sound propagation in aeroengines. For ducts with rigid boundaries, the fluid-resonant category may contribute significantly to unwanted noise. An understanding of the multi-modal propagation of acoustic waves in ducts is of practical interest for use in the control of noise in, for example, aero-engines, automotive exhaust and heating or ventilation systems. The purpose of our experiments was to test the acoustic energy transmission of duct modes based on studies carried out by the sound intensity technique. Sound intensity patterns in circular duct are discussed of modal energy analysis with particular reference to proper orthogonal decomposition and dynamic mode decomposition. The authors try to justify some advantages of the sound intensity experimental research in this area. In the paper, the wide-band sound signal propagated from source approximated with loudspeaker in hard-walled duct is imaged using a sound intensity – based approach. For a simple duct geometry, the sound intensity field is examined visually and by performing a modal decomposition greater insight into the acoustic structures is obtained. The image of sound intensity fields below and above “cut-off” frequency region are found to compare acoustic modes which might resonate in duct

Phase-Locked Particle Image Velocimetry Visualization of the Sound Field at the Outlet of a Circular Tube

The shedding process and acoustic flow formation in the region of outlet of a cylinder duct has been investigated by means of the particle image velocimetry (PIV) technique. The research work on the behavior of the sound field at outlets of waveguides addresses issues of importance to industrial applications. The obtained results can be used in a number of industrial applications involving pipes, ducts and tubing. In our investigation the acoustics flow fields are measured with a phase-locked PIV system with high sampling rate and large internal memory block using DAVIS v. 8.11 software. A cross-correlation method, in conjunction with the FFT analysis, is used as a vector processing algorithm. A series of PIV vector maps was used to evaluate the acoustic velocity field at the open end of circular tube throughout the acoustic cycle for frequencies of 700 Hz and 1400 Hz. Six phase steps were assumed for one frequency cycle and the characteristic signal was extracted from the velocity data step and shown graphically