Advantages of modified ADM formulation: constraint propagation analysis of Baumgarte-Shapiro-Shibata-Nakamura system

Several numerical relativity groups are using a modified ADM formulation for their simulations, which was developed by Nakamura et al (and widely cited as Baumgarte-Shapiro-Shibata-Nakamura system). This so-called BSSN formulation is shown to be more stable than the standard ADM formulation in many cases, and there have been many attempts to explain why this re-formulation has such an advantage. We try to explain the background mechanism of the BSSN equations by using eigenvalue analysis of constraint propagation equations. This analysis has been applied and has succeeded in explaining other systems in our series of works. We derive the full set of the constraint propagation equations, and study it in the flat background space-time. We carefully examine how the replacements and adjustments in the equations change the propagation structure of the constraints, i.e. whether violation of constraints (if it exists) will decay or propagate away. We conclude that the better stability of the BSSN system is obtained by their adjustments in the equations, and that the combination of the adjustments is in a good balance, i.e. a lack of their adjustments might fail to obtain the present stability. We further propose other adjustments to the equations, which may offer more stable features than the current BSSN equations.Comment: 10 pages, RevTeX4, added related discussion to gr-qc/0209106, the version to appear in Phys. Rev.

Constraint propagation in the family of ADM systems

The current important issue in numerical relativity is to determine which formulation of the Einstein equations provides us with stable and accurate simulations. Based on our previous work on "asymptotically constrained" systems, we here present constraint propagation equations and their eigenvalues for the Arnowitt-Deser-Misner (ADM) evolution equations with additional constraint terms (adjusted terms) on the right hand side. We conjecture that the system is robust against violation of constraints if the amplification factors (eigenvalues of Fourier-component of the constraint propagation equations) are negative or pure-imaginary. We show such a system can be obtained by choosing multipliers of adjusted terms. Our discussion covers Detweiler's proposal (1987) and Frittelli's analysis (1997), and we also mention the so-called conformal-traceless ADM systems.Comment: 11 pages, RevTeX, 2 eps figure

Adjusted ADM systems and their expected stability properties: constraint propagation analysis in Schwarzschild spacetime

In order to find a way to have a better formulation for numerical evolution of the Einstein equations, we study the propagation equations of the constraints based on the Arnowitt-Deser-Misner formulation. By adjusting constraint terms in the evolution equations, we try to construct an "asymptotically constrained system" which is expected to be robust against violation of the constraints, and to enable a long-term stable and accurate numerical simulation. We first provide useful expressions for analyzing constraint propagation in a general spacetime, then apply it to Schwarzschild spacetime. We search when and where the negative real or non-zero imaginary eigenvalues of the homogenized constraint propagation matrix appear, and how they depend on the choice of coordinate system and adjustments. Our analysis includes the proposal of Detweiler (1987), which is still the best one according to our conjecture but has a growing mode of error near the horizon. Some examples are snapshots of a maximally sliced Schwarzschild black hole. The predictions here may help the community to make further improvements.Comment: 23 pages, RevTeX4, many figures. Revised version. Added subtitle, reduced figures, rephrased introduction, and a native checked. :-

Development of laser pulse sampled DC voltammetry and its application to the determination of glucose

ArticleBUNSEKI KAGAKU. 57(1): 61-65 (2008)journal articl

Formation of naked singularities in five-dimensional space-time

We numerically investigate the gravitational collapse of collisionless particles in spheroidal configurations both in four and five-dimensional (5D) space-time. We repeat the simulation performed by Shapiro and Teukolsky (1991) that announced an appearance of a naked singularity, and also find that the similar results in 5D version. That is, in a collapse of a highly prolate spindle, the Kretschmann invariant blows up outside the matter and no apparent horizon forms. We also find that the collapses in 5D proceed rapidly than in 4D, and the critical prolateness for appearance of apparent horizon in 5D is loosened compared to 4D cases. We also show how collapses differ with spatial symmetries comparing 5D evolutions in single-axisymmetry, SO(3), and those in double-axisymmetry, U(1)$\times$U(1).Comment: 5 pages, 5 figures, To be published in Phys. Rev.

Asymptotically constrained and real-valued system based on Ashtekar's variables

We present a set of dynamical equations based on Ashtekar's extension of the Einstein equation. The system forces the space-time to evolve to the manifold that satisfies the constraint equations or the reality conditions or both as the attractor against perturbative errors. This is an application of the idea by Brodbeck, Frittelli, Huebner and Reula who constructed an asymptotically stable (i.e., constrained) system for the Einstein equation, adding dissipative forces in the extended space. The obtained systems may be useful for future numerical studies using Ashtekar's variables.Comment: added comments, 6 pages, RevTeX, to appear in PRD Rapid Com

Constructing hyperbolic systems in the Ashtekar formulation of general relativity

Hyperbolic formulations of the equations of motion are essential technique for proving the well-posedness of the Cauchy problem of a system, and are also helpful for implementing stable long time evolution in numerical applications. We, here, present three kinds of hyperbolic systems in the Ashtekar formulation of general relativity for Lorentzian vacuum spacetime. We exhibit several (I) weakly hyperbolic, (II) diagonalizable hyperbolic, and (III) symmetric hyperbolic systems, with each their eigenvalues. We demonstrate that Ashtekar's original equations form a weakly hyperbolic system. We discuss how gauge conditions and reality conditions are constrained during each step toward constructing a symmetric hyperbolic system.Comment: 15 pages, RevTeX, minor changes in Introduction. published as Int. J. Mod. Phys. D 9 (2000) 1

Hyperbolic formulations and numerical relativity II: Asymptotically constrained systems of the Einstein equations

We study asymptotically constrained systems for numerical integration of the Einstein equations, which are intended to be robust against perturbative errors for the free evolution of the initial data. First, we examine the previously proposed "$\lambda$-system", which introduces artificial flows to constraint surfaces based on the symmetric hyperbolic formulation. We show that this system works as expected for the wave propagation problem in the Maxwell system and in general relativity using Ashtekar's connection formulation. Second, we propose a new mechanism to control the stability, which we call the ``adjusted system". This is simply obtained by adding constraint terms in the dynamical equations and adjusting its multipliers. We explain why a particular choice of multiplier reduces the numerical errors from non-positive or pure-imaginary eigenvalues of the adjusted constraint propagation equations. This ``adjusted system" is also tested in the Maxwell system and in the Ashtekar's system. This mechanism affects more than the system's symmetric hyperbolicity.Comment: 16 pages, RevTeX, 9 eps figures, added Appendix B and minor changes, to appear in Class. Quant. Gra