9,787 research outputs found
Some observed seasonal changes in extratropical general circulation: A study in terms of vorticity
Extratropical eddy distributions in four months typical of the four seasons are treated in terms of temporal mean and temporal r.m.s. values of the geostrophic relative vorticity. The geographical distributions of these parameters at the 300 mb level show that the arithmetic mean fields are highly biased representatives of the extratropical eddy distributions. The zonal arithmetic means of these parameters are also presented. These show that the zonal-and-time mean relative vorticity is but a small fraction of the zonal mean of the temporal r.m.s. relative vorticity, K. The reasons for considering the r.m.s. values as the temporal normal values of vorticity in the extratropics are given in considerable detail. The parameter K is shown to be of considerable importance in locating the extratropical frontal jet streams (EFJ) in time-and-zonal average distributions. The study leads to an understanding of the seasonal migrations of the EFJ which have not been explored until now
Business cycles, unemployment insurance and the calibration of matching models
This paper theoretically and empirically documents a puzzle that arises when an RBC economy with a job matching function is used to model unemployment. The standard model can generate sufficiently large cyclical fluctuations in unemployment, or a sufficiently small response of unemployment to labor market policies, but it cannot do both. Variable search and separation, finite UI benefit duration, efficiency wages, and capital all fail to resolve this puzzle. However, either sticky wages or match-specific productivity shocks can improve the model's performance by making the firm's flow of surplus more procyclical, which makes hiring more procyclical too.Real business cycles, matching function, unemployment insurance
Acquiring Correct Knowledge for Natural Language Generation
Natural language generation (NLG) systems are computer software systems that
produce texts in English and other human languages, often from non-linguistic
input data. NLG systems, like most AI systems, need substantial amounts of
knowledge. However, our experience in two NLG projects suggests that it is
difficult to acquire correct knowledge for NLG systems; indeed, every knowledge
acquisition (KA) technique we tried had significant problems. In general terms,
these problems were due to the complexity, novelty, and poorly understood
nature of the tasks our systems attempted, and were worsened by the fact that
people write so differently. This meant in particular that corpus-based KA
approaches suffered because it was impossible to assemble a sizable corpus of
high-quality consistent manually written texts in our domains; and structured
expert-oriented KA techniques suffered because experts disagreed and because we
could not get enough information about special and unusual cases to build
robust systems. We believe that such problems are likely to affect many other
NLG systems as well. In the long term, we hope that new KA techniques may
emerge to help NLG system builders. In the shorter term, we believe that
understanding how individual KA techniques can fail, and using a mixture of
different KA techniques with different strengths and weaknesses, can help
developers acquire NLG knowledge that is mostly correct
Dissipative preparation of entanglement in optical cavities
We propose a novel scheme for the preparation of a maximally entangled state
of two atoms in an optical cavity. Starting from an arbitrary initial state, a
singlet state is prepared as the unique fixed point of a dissipative quantum
dynamical process. In our scheme, cavity decay is no longer undesirable, but
plays an integral part in the dynamics. As a result, we get a qualitative
improvement in the scaling of the fidelity with the cavity parameters. Our
analysis indicates that dissipative state preparation is more than just a new
conceptual approach, but can allow for significant improvement as compared to
preparation protocols based on coherent unitary dynamics.Comment: 4 pages, 2 figure
Steady state entanglement of two superconducting qubits engineered by dissipation
We present a scheme for the dissipative preparation of an entangled steady
state of two superconducting qubits in a circuit QED setup. Combining resonator
photon loss, a dissipative process already present in the setup, with an
effective two-photon microwave drive, we engineer an effective decay mechanism
which prepares a maximally entangled state of the two qubits. This state is
then maintained as the steady state of the driven, dissipative evolution. The
performance of the dissipative state preparation protocol is studied
analytically and verified numerically. In view of the experimental
implementation of the presented scheme we investigate the effects of potential
experimental imperfections and show that our scheme is robust to small
deviations in the parameters. We find that high fidelities with the target
state can be achieved both with state-of-the-art 3D, as well as with the more
commonly used 2D transmons. The promising results of our study thus open a
route for the demonstration of an entangled steady state in circuit QED.Comment: 12 pages, 5 figures; close to published versio
Effective operator formalism for open quantum systems
We present an effective operator formalism for open quantum systems.
Employing perturbation theory and adiabatic elimination of excited states for a
weakly driven system, we derive an effective master equation which reduces the
evolution to the ground-state dynamics. The effective evolution involves a
single effective Hamiltonian and one effective Lindblad operator for each
naturally occurring decay process. Simple expressions are derived for the
effective operators which can be directly applied to reach effective equations
of motion for the ground states. We compare our method with the hitherto
existing concepts for effective interactions and present physical examples for
the application of our formalism, including dissipative state preparation by
engineered decay processes.Comment: 11 pages, 6 figure
Photon Scattering from a System of Multi-Level Quantum Emitters. I. Formalism
We introduce a formalism to solve the problem of photon scattering from a
system of multi-level quantum emitters. Our approach provides a direct solution
of the scattering dynamics. As such the formalism gives the scattered fields
amplitudes in the limit of a weak incident intensity. Our formalism is equipped
to treat both multi-emitter and multi-level emitter systems, and is applicable
to a plethora of photon scattering problems including conditional state
preparation by photo-detection. In this paper, we develop the general formalism
for an arbitrary geometry. In the following paper (part II), we reduce the
general photon scattering formalism to a form that is applicable to
-dimensional waveguides, and show its applicability by considering explicit
examples with various emitter configurations.Comment: This is first part of a two part series of papers. It has 11 pages,
double column, and one figur
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