The Relevance of the AutoPact for Other Sectoral Arrangements

The Relevance of the AutoPact for Other Sectoral Arrangement

A Concise Total Synthesis of (--)-Maoecrystal Z

The first total synthesis of (--)-maoecrystal Z is described. The key steps of the synthesis include a diastereoselective Ti^(III)-mediated reductive epoxide coupling reaction and a diastereoselective Sm^(II)-mediated reductive cascade cyclization reaction. These transformations enabled the preparation of (--)-maoecrystal Z in only 12 steps from (--)-γ-cyclogeraniol

Identifying candidates for targeted gait rehabilitation: better prediction through biomechanics-informed characterization

BACKGROUND: Walking speed has been used to predict the efficacy of gait training; however, poststroke motor impairments are heterogeneous and different biomechanical strategies may underlie the same walking speed. Identifying which individuals will respond best to a particular gait rehabilitation program using walking speed alone may thus be limited. The objective of this study was to determine if, beyond walking speed, participants' baseline ability to generate propulsive force from their paretic limbs (paretic propulsion) influences the improvements in walking speed resulting from a paretic propulsion-targeting gait intervention. METHODS: Twenty seven participants >6 months poststroke underwent a 12-week locomotor training program designed to target deficits in paretic propulsion through the combination of fast walking with functional electrical stimulation to the paretic ankle musculature (FastFES). The relationship between participants' baseline usual walking speed (UWSbaseline), maximum walking speed (MWSbaseline), and paretic propulsion (propbaseline) versus improvements in usual walking speed (∆UWS) and maximum walking speed (∆MWS) were evaluated in moderated regression models. RESULTS: UWSbaseline and MWSbaseline were, respectively, poor predictors of ΔUWS (R 2  = 0.24) and ΔMWS (R 2  = 0.01). Paretic propulsion × walking speed interactions (UWSbaseline × propbaseline and MWSbaseline × propbaseline) were observed in each regression model (R 2 s = 0.61 and 0.49 for ∆UWS and ∆MWS, respectively), revealing that slower individuals with higher utilization of the paretic limb for forward propulsion responded best to FastFES training and were the most likely to achieve clinically important differences. CONCLUSIONS: Characterizing participants based on both their walking speed and ability to generate paretic propulsion is a markedly better approach to predicting walking recovery following targeted gait rehabilitation than using walking speed alone

The Changing Structure of International Law: Unchanging Structure for Inquiry

In recent decades the demand has become increasingly insistent among scholars and others for development of a more comprehensive theory of inquiry about international law, drawing upon all relevant areas of knowledge and especially upon the social sciences. Early in his very ambitious book Professor Friedmann states that: The changes in the dimensions of international law require a corresponding reorientation in its study; neither the international lawyer trained in the classical methods of international law and diplomacy nor the corporation, tax, or constitutional lawyer are equipped to handle this subject without cooperation with each other, and with economists and political scientists. International law is becoming a more and more complex and many-sided subject. In bringing the book to a close, he reaffirms that basic changes in the structure of international society make necessary a far-reaching reorientation in the science and study of contemporary international law. For any who are as yet unconvinced of the exigency of this demand, Professor Friedmann\u27s able and wide-ranging survey of almost all of the more important and controversial areas of contemporary international law may serve as compelling proof. By intention and example, this book makes a conclusive case for the view that an inter-disciplinary approach and an inter-disciplinary jurisprudence offer the only effective means for delimiting and managing an area of inquiry which bristles with inter-disciplinary problems. The mere substantiation of this case, even without Professor Friedmann\u27s excellent survey of, and penetrating comments upon, the main features of contemporary international law would make this book a significant contribution to a much neglected field and afford further evidence of the author\u27s superior scholarship. Such evidence is, of course, superfluous for readers of the previous works of this distinguished and prolific publicist

Negligence—Doctrine of Macpherson v. Buick—Liability of Remote Supplier

La Rocca v. Farrington, 301 N.Y. 247, 93 N.E. 2d 829 (1950)

Locomotor adaptation is influenced by the interaction between perturbation and baseline asymmetry after stroke.

Stroke survivors without cerebellar involvement retain the ability to adapt to the split-belt treadmill; however it has been suggested that their rate of adaptation may be slowed compared to those who are neurologically intact. Depending on limb placement, the split-belt treadmill can be configured to either exaggerate baseline asymmetry, or reduce it, which may affect the behavior of adaptation or de-adaptation. The objectives of this study were to characterize the rate and magnitude of locomotor (de)adaptation in chronic stroke survivors compared to healthy matched subjects, and to evaluate whether exaggeration or reduction of baseline asymmetry impact the responses. Seventeen stroke survivors and healthy subjects completed 10min of split-belt treadmill walking, then 5min of tied-belt walking. Stroke survivors completed this once with each leg on the fast belt. Magnitude and rate of (de)adaptation were evaluated for step length and limb phase asymmetry. There were no differences between the groups with the exception of the reduced step length asymmetry configuration, in which case there was a significantly reduced magnitude (p≤0.000) and rate (p=0.011) of adaptation when compared to controls. There was a similar trend observed during post-adaptation for the exaggerated asymmetry group. The rate and magnitude of locomotor (de)adaptation is similar between chronic stroke survivors and neurologically intact controls, except when the adaptation or de-adaptation response would take the stroke survivors away from a symmetric step length pattern. This suggests that there may be some benefit to symmetry that is recognized by the system

A Unified Strategy to ent-Kauranoid Natural Products: Total Syntheses of (−)-Trichorabdal A and (−)-Longikaurin E

The first total syntheses of (−)-trichorabdal A and (−)-longikaurin E are reported. A unified synthetic strategy is employed that relies on a Pd-mediated oxidative cyclization of a silyl ketene acetal to generate an all-carbon quaternary center and build the bicyclo[3.2.1]octane framework. These studies, taken together with our previous synthesis of (−)-maoecrystal Z, demonstrate that three architecturally distinct ent-kauranoids can be prepared from a common spirolactone intermediate

Organic Chemistry: A Call to Action for Diversity and Inclusion

By now, most of us in the field of organic chemistry have become aware of the recent Perspective Article by Hudlicky published on the Angewandte Chemie, International Edition website(1) and then quickly removed as a result of rapid and strong denunciation on social media and in other forums. We have had complex emotional responses to the opinions expressed in this piece regarding the effects of diversity and inclusion efforts in chemistry: anger, that such regressive views were provided a platform in one of our leading chemistry journals; surprise, that the piece made it through the peer review process; and disappointment, that these views continue to persist, despite our hope that the climate for researchers in organic chemistry had improved since we were all trainees

Organic Chemistry: A Call to Action for Diversity and Inclusion

By now, most of us in the field of organic chemistry have become aware of the recent Perspective Article by Hudlicky published on the Angewandte Chemie, International Edition website(1) and then quickly removed as a result of rapid and strong denunciation on social media and in other forums. We have had complex emotional responses to the opinions expressed in this piece regarding the effects of diversity and inclusion efforts in chemistry: anger, that such regressive views were provided a platform in one of our leading chemistry journals; surprise, that the piece made it through the peer review process; and disappointment, that these views continue to persist, despite our hope that the climate for researchers in organic chemistry had improved since we were all trainees