Epidemiology of gastrointestinal cancers in the hospital of Tambohobe Fianarantsoa, Madagascar

Background: Gastrointestinal cancers are among the top 10 cancers and causes of cancer death worldwide. Given the absence of cancer registry in Madagascar and absence of epidemiological study of gastrointestinal cancer in the province of Fianarantsoa, our aim was to describe the epidemiological aspect of gastrointestinal cancers at the University Hospital of Tambohobe Fianarantsoa.Methods: Authors have conducted a descriptive retrospective study over a three-year period from January 1, 2015 to December 31, 2017 at the University Hospital of Tambohobe Fianarantsoa (in oncology, internal medicine and visceral surgery departments). The variables analyzed were age, gender, tumor location.Results: Authors have collected 74 cases of gastrointestinal cancers. There were 46 males 62.16% and 28 females 37.84%. The mean age was 56.30±12.10 years old. The predominant age groups were 45-55 years. Authors found colorectal cancer in 43%, followed by liver carcinoma in 19%, then pancreatic cancer 14%, esophageal cancer 13%, gastric cancer 8%, duodenum cancer 3%.Conclusions: Gastrointestinal cancers at the hospital of Tambohobe Fianarantsoa affect young people, especially the male gender with a predominance of colorectal and liver cancer.So, it is important to continue the vaccination against hepatitis viral B infection and to implement a colorectal cancer screening program

Chapitre 7. Stocks de carbone dans les éco- et agrosystèmes à Madagascar

Introduction La quantification du carbone organique des sols (COS) des différents agrosystèmes et écosystèmes naturels est essentielle afin de mieux orienter les stratégies d’adaptation et d’atténuation du changement climatique à différentes échelles : locale, nationale et internationale. Pour un écosystème donné, le COS peut être contenu dans différents compartiments : la biomasse aérienne, la litière, les bois morts, les racines et les sols. Les sols jusqu’à 1 m de profondeur sont reconnus ..

Chapitre 2. Spatialiser les stocks de carbone

Introduction Dans les laboratoires d’analyse des sols à Madagascar, la mesure du carbone organique du sol (COS) sert à calculer la teneur en matière organique (MO), une information utile pour la gestion de la fertilité des sols. Outre son évaluation quantitative, diverses études sur le COS ont été menées sur (1) sa dynamique, en interaction avec les autres constituants du sol selon les pratiques et modes d’usage des terres ou (2) sur sa variabilité spatio-temporelle. Ces études ont été effect..

Carbone des sols en Afrique

Les sols sont une ressource essentielle à préserver pour la production d’aliments, de fibres, de biomasse, pour la filtration de l’eau, la préservation de la biodiversité et le stockage du carbone. En tant que réservoirs de carbone, les sols sont par ailleurs appelés à jouer un rôle primordial dans la lutte contre l’augmentation de la concentration de gaz à effet de serre. Ils sont ainsi au centre des objectifs de développement durable (ODD) des Nations unies, notamment les ODD 2 « Faim zéro », 13 « Lutte contre le changement climatique », 15 « Vie terrestre », 12 « Consommation et production responsables » ou encore 1 « Pas de pauvreté ». Cet ouvrage présente un état des lieux des sols africains dans toute leur diversité, mais au-delà, il documente les capacités de stockage de carbone selon les types de sols et leurs usages en Afrique. Il propose également des recommandations autour de l’acquisition et de l’interprétation des données, ainsi que des options pour préserver, voire augmenter les stocks de carbone dans les sols. Tous les chercheurs et acteurs du développement impliqués dans les recherches sur le rôle du carbone des sols sont concernés par cette synthèse collective. Fruit d’une collaboration entre chercheurs africains et européens, ce livre insiste sur la nécessité de prendre en compte la grande variété des contextes agricoles et forestiers africains pour améliorer nos connaissances sur les capacités de stockage de carbone des sols et lutter contre le changement climatique

Solubilité des gaz dans les nanoliquides

nationa

The Ianapera-Ampanihy Suture, SW Madagascar: A major tectonic boundary on the eastern margin of the Mozambique belt

International audiencehe position of ancient (Paleo) suture zones in the crystalline basement of Madagascar is still the subject of debate. The Ianapera area is part of the Neoproterozoic Vohibory domain, which covers the northern part of the Ampanihy High-Strain Zone (HSZ), in the southwestern part of the basement. By combining Landsat 7 ETM+, airborne magnetic and radiometric data as well as available maps and data, with new field, geochemical and geochronological data in a GIS, we have updated the geological map of this region to investigate a supposed suture in this area. We suggest that the proposed suture in SW Madagascar is a NNE–SSW major lineament, rather than the 20 km-wide Ampanihy HSZ. The lineament separates the Vohibory high-pressure granulites from the older Androyan medium-pressure granulites, and can be outlined from the Ianapera area to the Ampanihy region towards the south; accordingly, we named it the Ianapera-Ampanihy Suture. Based on field, geophysical and geochemical data, we recognised a suite of granites and syenites, which we named the Ianapera suite, and a small sheet-like body of granodiorite (Bevaro granodiorite). The Ianapera suite contains the only known occurrence of corundum-bearing syenite in the Madagascar basement. These bodies were formed by two distinct episodes of felsic magmatism: respectively, high-K calc-alkaline to shoshonitic, and low-K calc-alkaline pulses. The composition, mineralogy, as well as a U–Th–Pb monazite age of 540 ± 22 Ma, is consistent with late to post-collisional emplacement of the Ianapera suite, reinforcing the hypothesis of a suture in this area. Based on the above data, we suggest a northwards continuation of this suture in Kenya, as far as the intrusive-hosted Dusi corundum deposit (Simonet et al., 2004). The Ianapera-Ampanihy Suture could be the major tectonic boundary suggested as the eastern margin of the Mozambique belt, within the central East African Orogen

Does selenium exert cardioprotective effects against oxidative stress in myocardial ischemia?

In the mid-1960s, a small number of scientists postulated the role of oxidative stress and oxygen-derived free radicals in the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying ischemic heart disease. However, because of the technical difficulty of measuring free radicals and quantitating oxidative damage, it was very difficult to prove that free radicals could contribute to cell pathology. The role of oxidative stress in biological systems was not definitely recognized until the early 1980s when measurement of short-lived oxygen-derived reactive species was made possible by the advent of sophisticated techniques such as EPR spectroscopy or fluorescent probes. These enabled both the study of free radical biochemistry and the acquisition of useful information about the nature and consequences of free radical-induced protein and lipid oxidation. The hypothesis that reactive oxygen species mediate cellular damage produced upon reperfusion of ischemic myocardium has gained considerable support during the past 10–15 years. Several experimental studies indicated that the administration of antioxidant enzymes or non-enzymatic antioxidants offers a significant degree of protection against ischemic damage, improving functional recovery and reducing morphological alterations to cardiomyocytes. In this context, selenium, as an essential component of glutathione peroxidase, plays a critical role in protecting aerobic tissues from oxygen radical-initiated cell injury

Impacts on greenhouse gas balance and rural economy after agroecology development in Itasy Madagascar

Published online: 19 Nov 2020Rural development projects to develop sustainable agriculture need to be assessed before engaging smallholder farmers at large scale. Data on agricultural systems to produce food, provide income for smallholders and reduce greenhouse-gas (GHG) emissions are scarce in Sub-Saharan Africa countries. Here, we assessed the potential of agroecological practices (AP) on economic benefits to farmers, GHG balance derived from agricultural activities, and efficiency of economic investments to mitigate GHG. The study was based on a NGO rural development project, which promoted AP: agroforestry, compost, and System of Rice Intensification. The economic and GHG mitigation benefits were projected over a period of 20 years on three scenarios. Two scenarios, differing by two expected levels of AP adoption, were compared to a reference one, in which there was no NGO intervention. Socio-economic, yield and soil data were gathered on 192 farms during five growing seasons (2013–2018). The GHG balance was estimated with TropiC Farm Tool and EX-ACT. The GHG emissions were reduced in both scenarios compared to the reference one: 5.2 to −13.6 tCO2eq farm−1 yr−1 for scenario 1 and 2 respectively. At the regional scale, the projected amount of C saved per euro invested was estimated at −0.25 tCO2eq euro−1 and -0.41 tCO2eq Euro−1 (or € 4 to 2.5 tCO2eq−1) under scenario 1 and scenario 2. The annual cash flow of farmers increased over the 20 years. Our study highlighted the potential of AP for increasing productivity and profitability of smallholder agricultural systems for the Malagasy farmers, while simultaneously contributing to climate change mitigation