Background on social discrimination against women

The article is devoted to the problems of social discrimination against women in society on the basis of a study of historical events, as well as the search for solutions to eliminate problems in this area of law enforcement

An Unconventional Turn: a Linguosynergetic and Diachronic Study of Evolving English Business Discourse

This paper aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of the transformational changes observed in English business discourse over time. Employing cutting-edge methodologies such as functional linguistics, linguosynergetics, and diachronic analysis, the authors delve into the evolutionary dynamics of business communication, examining the extralinguistic factors that drive the inner discursive mechanisms of self-regulation and modification of the functional field. By highlighting these factors, the study sheds light on the complex interplay between language, society, and cognition in shaping business communication. Drawing on a rich corpus of oral and written English business discourse spanning from the late 19th century to the present day, the research reveals that the rise of new tendencies in social and political life, coupled with the historical development of British and American societies, have sparked changes in the cognitive models of structuring speech behavior in business verbal interaction. Consequently, new trends have emerged, including simplification, deregulation, deviation from communicative norms of standardized Business English, and popularization of unconventional, non-standard business rhetoric

ТАУМАТИН-ПОДОБНЫЙ БЕЛОК И ОКСАЛАТОКСИДАЗА КАК МАРКЕРЫ УСТОЙЧИВОСТИ ОЗИМОЙ ПШЕНИЦЫ (TRITICUM AESTIVUM L.) К МУЧНИСТОЙ РОСЕ (ERYSIPHE GRAMINIS)

In the present article, we studied a correlation between an increased resistance of winter wheat seedlings of different varieties to powdery mildew and high levels of constitutive expression of genes encoding one of two pathogenesisrelated proteins: thaumatin-like protein (Tlp) or oxalate oxidase (OxOxid). Highly resistant varieties have shown either high Tlp expression and low OxOxid expression or high OxOxid expression and low Tlp expression. We propose to use a combination of both Tlp and OxOxid gene expression levels as a marker for resistance of winter wheat breeding material to powdery mildew. Изучен конститутивный уровень экспрессии генов, кодирующих PR-белки: тауматин-подобный белок (Tlp) и оксалатоксидазу (OxOxid) в проростках 20 коллекционных сортов озимой пшеницы с разной устойчивостью к мучнистой росе. Показано, что растения с повышенной устойчивостью к мучнистой росе имеют высокий уровень экспрессии гена Tlp и низкий уровень экспрессии гена OxOxid, либо высокий уровень экспрессии гена OxOxid и низкий уровень экспрессии гена Tlp соответственно. Предлагается использовать показатель «уровень экспрессии генов Tlp и OxOxid» для скрининга селекционного материала озимой пшеницы с целью выявления генотипов с повышенной устойчивостью к мучнистой росе.

Circadian Regulation of Glutathione Levels and Biosynthesis in Drosophila melanogaster

Circadian clocks generate daily rhythms in neuronal, physiological, and metabolic functions. Previous studies in mammals reported daily fluctuations in levels of the major endogenous antioxidant, glutathione (GSH), but the molecular mechanisms that govern such fluctuations remained unknown. To address this question, we used the model species Drosophila, which has a rich arsenal of genetic tools. Previously, we showed that loss of the circadian clock increased oxidative damage and caused neurodegenerative changes in the brain, while enhanced GSH production in neuronal tissue conferred beneficial effects on fly survivorship under normal and stress conditions. In the current study we report that the GSH concentrations in fly heads fluctuate in a circadian clock-dependent manner. We further demonstrate a rhythm in activity of glutamate cysteine ligase (GCL), the rate-limiting enzyme in glutathione biosynthesis. Significant rhythms were also observed for mRNA levels of genes encoding the catalytic (Gclc) and modulatory (Gclm) subunits comprising the GCL holoenzyme. Furthermore, we found that the expression of a glutathione S-transferase, GstD1, which utilizes GSH in cellular detoxification, significantly fluctuated during the circadian day. To directly address the role of the clock in regulating GSH-related rhythms, the expression levels of the GCL subunits and GstD1, as well as GCL activity and GSH production were evaluated in flies with a null mutation in the clock genes cycle and period. The rhythms observed in control flies were not evident in the clock mutants, thus linking glutathione production and utilization to the circadian system. Together, these data suggest that the circadian system modulates pathways involved in production and utilization of glutathione

Essential Functions of the Histone Demethylase Lid

Drosophila Little imaginal discs (Lid) is a recently described member of the JmjC domain class of histone demethylases that specifically targets trimethylated histone H3 lysine 4 (H3K4me3). To understand its biological function, we have utilized a series of Lid deletions and point mutations to assess the role that each domain plays in histone demethylation, in animal viability, and in cell growth mediated by the transcription factor dMyc. Strikingly, we find that lid mutants are rescued to adulthood by either wildtype or enzymatically inactive Lid expressed under the control of its endogenous promoter, demonstrating that Lid's demethylase activity is not essential for development. In contrast, ubiquitous expression of UAS-Lid transgenes lacking its JmjN, C-terminal PHD domain, and C5HC2 zinc finger were unable to rescue lid homozygous mutants, indicating that these domains carry out Lid's essential developmental functions. Although Lid-dependent demethylase activity is not essential, dynamic removal of H3K4me3 may still be an important component of development, as we have observed a genetic interaction between lid and another H3K4me3 demethylase, dKDM2. We also show that Lid's essential C-terminal PHD finger binds specifically to di- and trimethylated H3K4 and that this activity is required for Lid to function in dMyc-induced cell growth. Taken together, our findings highlight the importance of Lid function in the regulated removal and recognition of H3K4me3 during development

The Drosophila melanogaster host model

The deleterious and sometimes fatal outcomes of bacterial infectious diseases are the net result of the interactions between the pathogen and the host, and the genetically tractable fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, has emerged as a valuable tool for modeling the pathogen–host interactions of a wide variety of bacteria. These studies have revealed that there is a remarkable conservation of bacterial pathogenesis and host defence mechanisms between higher host organisms and Drosophila. This review presents an in-depth discussion of the Drosophila immune response, the Drosophila killing model, and the use of the model to examine bacterial–host interactions. The recent introduction of the Drosophila model into the oral microbiology field is discussed, specifically the use of the model to examine Porphyromonas gingivalis–host interactions, and finally the potential uses of this powerful model system to further elucidate oral bacterial-host interactions are addressed