Technology generation to dissemination:lessons learned from the tef improvement project

Indigenous crops also known as orphan crops are key contributors to food security, which is becoming increasingly vulnerable with the current trend of population growth and climate change. They have the major advantage that they fit well into the general socio-economic and ecological context of developing world agriculture. However, most indigenous crops did not benefit from the Green Revolution, which dramatically increased the yield of major crops such as wheat and rice. Here, we describe the Tef Improvement Project, which employs both conventional- and molecular-breeding techniques to improve tef\u2014an orphan crop important to the food security in the Horn of Africa, a region of the world with recurring devastating famines. We have established an efficient pipeline to bring improved tef lines from the laboratory to the farmers of Ethiopia. Of critical importance to the long-term success of this project is the cooperation among participants in Ethiopia and Switzerland, including donors, policy makers, research institutions, and farmers. Together, European and African scientists have developed a pipeline using breeding and genomic tools to improve the orphan crop tef and bring new cultivars to the farmers in Ethiopia. We highlight a new variety, Tesfa, developed in this pipeline and possessing a novel and desirable combination of traits. Tesfa\u2019s recent approval for release illustrates the success of the project and marks a milestone as it is the first variety (of many in the pipeline) to be released

Weaving indigenous agricultural knowledge with formal education to enhance community food security : school competition as a pedagogical space in rural Anchetty, India

In communities from the remote rural regions of Anchetty, young learners’ informal learning experiences often come through interactions with local agriculture and the environment in which they and their families work and learn. These informal learning experiences are essential to what are otherwise called ‘indigenous knowledge systems’. For primary school students in Anchetty, the ways in which they engage in learning community-based agricultural knowledge are challenged by school-based formal education processes. Using a school competition as a pedagogical strategy for integrative space, this paper supports and explores the meaning and characteristics of indigenous agricultural knowledge (IAK)

Secondary Overtriage in Patients with Complicated Mild Traumatic Brain Injury: An Observational Study and Socioeconomic Analysis of 1447 Hospitalizations.

Secondary overtriage is a problematic phenomenon because it creates unnecessary expense and potentially results in the mismanagement of healthcare resources. The rates of secondary overtriage among patients with complicated mild traumatic brain injury (cmTBI) are unknown. To determine the rate of secondary overtriage among patients with cmTBI using the institutional trauma registry. An observational study using retrospective analysis of 1447 hospitalizations including all consecutive patients with cmTBI between 2004 and 2013. Data on age, sex, race/ethnicity, insurance status, GCS, Injury Severity Score (ISS), Trauma Injury Severity Score, transfer mode, overall length of stay (LOS), LOS within intensive care unit, and total charges were collected and analyzed. Overall, the rate of secondary overtriage among patients with cmTBI was 17.2%. These patients tended to be younger (median: 41 vs 60.5 yr; P < .001), have a lower ISS (9 vs 16; P < .001), and were more likely to be discharged home or leave against medical advice. Our findings provide evidence to the growing body of literature suggesting that not all patients with cmTBI need to be transferred to a tertiary care center. In our study, these transfers ultimately incurred a total cost of $13 294 ($1337 transfer cost) per patient

Tef [Eragrostis tef (Zucc.) Trotter] Breeding

Tef or teff Eragrostis tef (Zucc.) Trotter, a cereal crop which adapts to extreme climatic and soil conditions, is extensively cultivated in the Horn of Africa. It is also considered as nutritious and a life-style crop due to its richness in essential nutrients and health-related benefits. However, the productivity of the crop is extremely low due to little scientific improvement made globally. It is, therefore, in the category of orphan crops. Together with all cereal crops, tef belongs to the Grass or Poaceae family. The improvement of tef focuses on selection and hybridization techniques. However, recently, molecular and high-throughput techniques have also been implemented to a limited scale. Forty-two tef varieties were approved for release by the Ethiopian National Variety Release Committee in the past four decades. Due to the adoption of improved varieties and technologies, the national average yield of tef has more than doubled over the last 20Â years. This review describes the progress in tef breeding and variety development as well as dissemination of the improved varieties to the farming community