Expression of G protein-coupled receptors and related proteins in HEK293, AtT20, BV2, and N18 cell lines as revealed by microarray analysis

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>G protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) are one of the most widely studied gene superfamilies. Thousands of GPCR research studies have utilized heterologous expression systems such as human embryonic kidney cells (HEK293). Though often treated as 'blank slates', these cell lines nevertheless endogenously express GPCRs and related signaling proteins. The outcome of a given GPCR study can be profoundly influenced by this largely unknown complement of receptors and/or signaling proteins. Little easily accessible information exists that describes the expression profiles of the GPCRs in cell lines. What is accessible is often limited in scope - of the hundreds of GPCRs and related proteins, one is unlikely to find information on expression of more than a dozen proteins in a given cell line. Microarray technology has allowed rapid analysis of mRNA levels of thousands of candidate genes, but though often publicly available, the results can be difficult to efficiently access or even to interpret.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>To bridge this gap, we have used microarrays to measure the mRNA levels of a comprehensive profile of non-chemosensory GPCRs and over a hundred GPCR signaling related gene products in four cell lines frequently used for GPCR research: HEK293, AtT20, BV2, and N18.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>This study provides researchers an easily accessible mRNA profile of the endogenous signaling repertoire that these four cell lines possess. This will assist in choosing the most appropriate cell line for studying GPCRs and related signaling proteins. It also provides a better understanding of the potential interactions between GPCRs and those signaling proteins.</p

Wartosc nawozowa kompostu z osadu sciekowego

The fertilization value of composted sewage sludge was estimated on the basis of pot experiments during three following vegetation periods with buckwheat sown twice (1998), oat and maize (1999) and oat again (2000). The availability of nitrogen, phosphorus, magnesium and zinc for tested plants was determined. Tested manure was obtained after 8 months of composting of the mixture of sewage sludge with 20% of sawdust and 3% of CaO. The compost moisture was 69%. The following contents of nutrients was found (g·kg⁻¹): N - 21.0, P - 5.47, K - 1.11, Mg - 3.22 and Zn - 1 204 mg·kg⁻¹. The C : N ratio was 17.4. Compost was applied in the first year of experiment in two doses 150 or 300 g per 6 kg of poor sandy loam acid soil. The application of compost to the soil resulted with a noticeable increase of the yield of dry matter of tested plants due to the privation of nutrients under the tested conditions. The uptake of nutrients noticeably increased, predominantly of phosphorus and magnesium. Total uptake of nitrogen, phosphorus and magnesium was at the level of 16.4%, 32.5% and 45% respectively, during 3 years of experiment with the incorporated lower dose of compost. The incorporation of a high dose of zinc with compost at both doses did not result with a significant increase of its uptake by plants due to the decrease of acidity. Fertilization of the tested soil with composted sewage sludge positively affects the physico-chemical properties of soil. The cation exchange capacity and the amount of available phosphorus and zinc were found to be improved and as the soil acidity was noticeable lower.W doświadczeniu wazonowym oceniano dostępność azotu, fosforu, magnezu i cynku zawartych w kompoście z osadu ściekowego. W trzech kolejnych sezonach wegetacyjnych uprawiano dwukrotnie grykę (1998), owies i kukurydzę (1999) oraz owies (2000). Nawóz uzyskano kompostując przez 8 miesięcy osad ściekowy z 20% dodatkiem trocin oraz 3% CaO. Kompost zawierał 69% wody, a w suchej masie (g·kg⁻¹): 21,0 N, 5,47 P, 1,11 Ki 3,22 Mg oraz 1204 mg·kg⁻¹ Zn. Stosunek C : N wynosił 17,4. Nawóz ten zastosowano w pierwszym roku doświadczenia w dawkach: 150 i 300 g świeżej masy na wazon zawierający 6 kg gleby ubogiej w składniki pokarmowe. W warunkach niedostatku badanych pierwiastków, po zastosowaniu kompostu obserwowano znaczne przyrosty plonów oraz pobrania przede wszystkim fosforu i magnezu. Z niższej dawki kompostu, w okresie trzech lat, wykorzystanie azotu wyniosło zaledwie 16,4%, natomiast fosforu 32,5% a magnezu 45%. Duża ilość cynku wnoszonego w nawozie organicznym, w wyniku wzrostu pH gleby, nie powodowała znaczących przyrostów jego pobrania przez rośliny, zwłaszcza po zastosowaniu wyższej dawki kompostu. Nawożenie kompostem korzystnie wpłynęło na odczyn gleby, zwiększyło jej pojemność sorpcyjną oraz zawartość przyswajalnego fosforu i cynku

Wplyw metod ochrony pszenicy ozimej na zawartosc niektorych mikroelementow w ziarnie

W latach 2001-2003 porównywano, na tle kontroli w warunkach polowych wpływ ochrony biologicznej i chemicznej 2 odmian pszenicy ozimej (Kobra, Zyta) na zawartość w ziarnie miedzi, cynku, manganu i żelaza. Zastosowanie różnych sposobów ochrony nie powodowało istotnego zróżnicowania zawartości oznaczanych mikroelementów. Stwierdzono natomiast istotne zróżnicowanie zawartości cynku i żelaza między odmianami oraz wszystkich oznaczanych mikroelementów w latach badań.The effects of biological and chemical fungi control in two winter wheat cultivars (Kobra, Zyta) on the contents of copper, zinc, manganese and iron in grain were estimated in 2001-2003. Application of different protection treatment did not significantly affect the contents of micronutrients. Zyta cv. contained significantly more zinc and iron than Kobra cv.. In 2002 the concentration of zinc and manganese in grain was higher than in 2003 whereas the contents of copper and iron were higher in 2003