453 research outputs found
Renormalization group approach to the P versus NP question
This paper argues that the ideas underlying the renormalization group
technique used to characterize phase transitions in condensed matter systems
could be useful for distinguishing computational complexity classes. The paper
presents a renormalization group transformation that maps an arbitrary Boolean
function of Boolean variables to one of variables. When this
transformation is applied repeatedly, the behavior of the resulting sequence of
functions is different for a generic Boolean function than for Boolean
functions that can be written as a polynomial of degree with
as well as for functions that depend on composite variables such as the
arithmetic sum of the inputs. Being able to demonstrate that functions are
non-generic is of interest because it suggests an avenue for constructing an
algorithm capable of demonstrating that a given Boolean function cannot be
computed using resources that are bounded by a polynomial of .Comment: Original version had a conjecture that is known to be false. Revised
version corrects this erro
A scalar model of inhomogeneous elastic and granular media
We investigate theoretically how the stress propagation characteristics of
granular materials evolve as they are subjected to increasing pressures,
comparing the results of a two-dimensional scalar lattice model to those of a
molecular dynamics simulation of slightly polydisperse discs.
We characterize the statistical properties of the forces using the force
histogram and a two-point spatial correlation function of the forces. For the
lattice model, in the granular limit the force histogram has an exponential
tail at large forces, while in the elastic regime the force histogram is much
narrower and has a form that depends on the realization of disorder in the
model. The behavior of the force histogram in the molecular dynamics
simulations as the pressure is increased is very similar to that displayed by
the lattice model. In contrast, the spatial correlations evolve qualitatively
differently in the lattice model and in the molecular dynamics simulations. For
the lattice model, in the granular limit there are no in-plane stress-stress
correlations, whereas in the molecular dynamics simulation significant in-plane
correlations persist to the lowest pressures studied.Comment: 28 pages, 29 figures; submitted to PR
Achieving High Fidelity Single Qubit Gates in a Strongly Driven Silicon Quantum Dot Hybrid Qubit
Performing qubit gate operations as quickly as possible can be important to
minimize the effects of decoherence. For resonant gates, this requires applying
a strong ac drive. However, strong driving can present control challenges by
causing leakage to levels that lie outside the qubit subspace. Strong driving
can also present theoretical challenges because preferred tools such as the
rotating wave approximation can break down, resulting in complex dynamics that
are difficult to control. Here we analyze resonant rotations of a silicon
quantum double dot hybrid qubit within a dressed-state formalism, obtaining
results beyond the rotating wave approximation. We obtain analytic formulas for
the optimum driving frequency and the Rabi frequency, which both are affected
by strong driving. While the qubit states exhibit fast oscillations due to
counter-rotating terms and leakage, we show that they can be suppressed to the
point that gate fidelities above are possible, in the absence of
decoherence. Hence decoherence mechanisms, rather than strong-driving effects,
should represent the limiting factor for resonant-gate fidelities in quantum
dot hybrid qubits
High-fidelity gates in quantum dot spin qubits
Several logical qubits and quantum gates have been proposed for semiconductor
quantum dots controlled by voltages applied to top gates. The different schemes
can be difficult to compare meaningfully. Here we develop a theoretical
framework to evaluate disparate qubit-gating schemes on an equal footing. We
apply the procedure to two types of double-dot qubits: the singlet-triplet (ST)
and the semiconducting quantum dot hybrid qubit. We investigate three quantum
gates that flip the qubit state: a DC pulsed gate, an AC gate based on logical
qubit resonance (LQR), and a gate-like process known as stimulated Raman
adiabatic passage (STIRAP). These gates are all mediated by an exchange
interaction that is controlled experimentally using the interdot tunnel
coupling and the detuning , which sets the energy difference
between the dots. Our procedure has two steps. First, we optimize the gate
fidelity () for fixed as a function of the other control parameters;
this yields an that is universal for different types of
gates. Next, we identify physical constraints on the control parameters; this
yields an upper bound that is specific to the qubit-gate
combination. We show that similar gate fidelities (%) should be
attainable for ST qubits in isotopically purified Si, and for hybrid qubits in
natural Si. Considerably lower fidelities are obtained for GaAs devices, due to
the fluctuating magnetic fields produced by nuclear spins.Comment: 20 pages, 7 figure
Exchange in a silicon-based quantum dot quantum computer architecture
In bulk silicon, intervalley electronic interference has been shown to lead
to strong oscillations in the exchange coupling between impurity electronic
wavefunctions, posing a serious manufacturability problem for proposed quantum
computers. Here we show that this problem does not arise in proposed
architectures using Si/SiGe quantum dots because of the large in-plane strain
in Si quantum wells together with the strong confinement potential typical of
heterostructures.Comment: 4 pages, 2 figures, submitted to AP
Magnetic field dependence of valley splitting in realistic Si/SiGe quantum wells
The authors investigate the magnetic field dependence of the energy splitting
between low-lying valley states for electrons in a Si/SiGe quantum well tilted
with respect to the crystallographic axis. The presence of atomic steps at the
quantum well interface may explain the unexpected, strong suppression of the
valley splitting observed in recent experiments. The authors find that the
suppression is caused by an interference effect associated with multiple steps,
and that the magnetic field dependence arises from the lateral confinement of
the electronic wave function. Using numerical simulations, the authors clarify
the role of step disorder, obtaining quantitative agreement with the
experiments.Comment: Published versio
Reversible Boolean Networks I: Distribution of Cycle Lengths
We consider a class of models describing the dynamics of Boolean
variables, where the time evolution of each depends on the values of of the
other variables. Previous work has considered models with dissipative dynamics.
Here we consider time-reversible models, which necessarily have the property
that every possible point in the state-space is an element of one and only one
cycle.
As in the dissipative case, when K is large, typical orbit lengths grow
exponentially with N, whereas for small enough K, typical orbit lengths grow
much more slowly with N. The numerical data are consistent with the existence
of a phase transition at which the average orbit length grows as a power of N
at a value of K between 1.4 and 1.7. However, in the reversible models the
interplay between the discrete symmetry and quenched randomness can lead to
enormous fluctuations of orbit lengths and other interesting features that are
unique to the reversible case.
The orbits can be classified by their behavior under time reversal. The
orbits that transform into themselves under time reversal have properties quite
different from those that do not; in particular, a significant fraction of
latter-type orbits have lengths enormously longer than orbits that are time
reversal-symmetric. For large K and moderate N, the vast majority of points in
the state-space are on one of the time reversal singlet orbits, and a random
hopping model gives an accurate description of orbit lengths. However, for any
finite K, the random hopping approximation fails qualitatively when N is large
enough ().Comment: 28 pages, 9 figures, Research paper sumbitte
Physically-motivated dynamical algorithms for the graph isomorphism problem
We investigate classical and quantum physics-based algorithms for solving the
graph isomorphism problem. Our work integrates and extends previous work by
Gudkov et al. (cond-mat/0209112) and by Rudolph (quant-ph/0206068). Gudkov et
al. propose an algorithm intended to solve the graph isomorphism problem in
polynomial time by mimicking a classical dynamical many-particle process. We
show that this algorithm fails to distinguish pairs of non-isomorphic strongly
regular graphs, thus providing an infinite class of counterexamples. We also
show that the simplest quantum generalization of the algorithm also fails.
However, by combining Gudkov et al.'s algorithm with a construction proposed by
Rudoph in which one examines a graph describing the dynamics of two particles
on the original graph, we find an algorithm that successfully distinguishes all
pairs of non-isomorphic strongly regular graphs that we tested (with up to 29
vertices).Comment: 17 pages, 5 figures, 1 table, with additions and corrections include
Analysis of a Population Genetics Model with Mutation, Selection, and Pleiotropy
We investigate the behavior of a population genetics model introduced by
Waxman and Peck incorporating mutation, selection, and pleiotropy. The
population is infinite and continuous variation of genotype is allowed.
Nonetheless, Waxman and Peck showed that if the degree of pleiotropy is large
enough,in this model a nonzero fraction of the population can have identical
alleles. This `condensed mode' behavior appears in the limit of infinite times.
This paper explores the time-dependence of the distribution of alleles in
this model. First, the model is analyzed using a recursion technique which
enables the distribution of alleles to be calculated at finite times as well as
in Waxman and Peck's infinite-time limit. Second, both Waxman and Peck's
original model and a related model in which mutations occur continuously are
mapped onto problems in quantum mechanics. In both cases, the long-time
analysis for the biological model is equivalent to finding the nature of the
eigenstates of the quantum problem. The condensed mode appears if and only if
there is no bound state in the quantum problem.
We compare the behavior of the discrete- and continuous-time versions of the
model. The results for the two cases are qualitatively similar, though there
are some quantitative differences. We also discuss our attempts to correlate
the statistics of DNA sequence variations with the degree of pleiotropy of
various genes.Comment: 26 pages, 2 tables, 6 figures, submitted to J. Math. Biolog
A decoherence-free subspace in a charge quadrupole qubit
Quantum computing promises significant speed-up for certain types of
computational problems. However, robust implementations of semiconducting
qubits must overcome the effects of charge noise that currently limit coherence
during gate operations. Here we describe a scheme for protecting solid-state
qubits from uniform electric field fluctuations by generalizing the concept of
a decoherence-free subspace for spins, and we propose a specific physical
implementation: a quadrupole charge qubit formed in a triple quantum dot. The
unique design of the quadrupole qubit enables a particularly simple pulse
sequence for suppressing the effects of noise during gate operations.
Simulations yield gate fidelities 10-1,000 times better than traditional charge
qubits, depending on the magnitude of the environmental noise. Our results
suggest that any qubit scheme employing Coulomb interactions (for example,
encoded spin qubits or two-qubit gates) could benefit from such a quadrupolar
design.Comment: 10 pages, 3 figures, Supplementary Information included as appendice
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