9,458 research outputs found
Visual motion processing and human tracking behavior
The accurate visual tracking of a moving object is a human fundamental skill
that allows to reduce the relative slip and instability of the object's image
on the retina, thus granting a stable, high-quality vision. In order to
optimize tracking performance across time, a quick estimate of the object's
global motion properties needs to be fed to the oculomotor system and
dynamically updated. Concurrently, performance can be greatly improved in terms
of latency and accuracy by taking into account predictive cues, especially
under variable conditions of visibility and in presence of ambiguous retinal
information. Here, we review several recent studies focusing on the integration
of retinal and extra-retinal information for the control of human smooth
pursuit.By dynamically probing the tracking performance with well established
paradigms in the visual perception and oculomotor literature we provide the
basis to test theoretical hypotheses within the framework of dynamic
probabilistic inference. We will in particular present the applications of
these results in light of state-of-the-art computer vision algorithms
Accuracy of magnetic energy computations
For magnetically driven events, the magnetic energy of the system is the
prime energy reservoir that fuels the dynamical evolution. In the solar
context, the free energy is one of the main indicators used in space weather
forecasts to predict the eruptivity of active regions. A trustworthy estimation
of the magnetic energy is therefore needed in three-dimensional models of the
solar atmosphere, eg in coronal fields reconstructions or numerical
simulations. The expression of the energy of a system as the sum of its
potential energy and its free energy (Thomson's theorem) is strictly valid when
the magnetic field is exactly solenoidal. For numerical realizations on a
discrete grid, this property may be only approximately fulfilled. We show that
the imperfect solenoidality induces terms in the energy that can lead to
misinterpreting the amount of free energy present in a magnetic configuration.
We consider a decomposition of the energy in solenoidal and nonsolenoidal parts
which allows the unambiguous estimation of the nonsolenoidal contribution to
the energy. We apply this decomposition to six typical cases broadly used in
solar physics. We quantify to what extent the Thomson theorem is not satisfied
when approximately solenoidal fields are used. The quantified errors on energy
vary from negligible to significant errors, depending on the extent of the
nonsolenoidal component. We identify the main source of errors and analyze the
implications of adding a variable amount of divergence to various solenoidal
fields. Finally, we present pathological unphysical situations where the
estimated free energy would appear to be negative, as found in some previous
works, and we identify the source of this error to be the presence of a finite
divergence. We provide a method of quantifying the effect of a finite
divergence in numerical fields, together with detailed diagnostics of its
sources
Flow field computations for blunt bodies in planetary environments
Numerical analysis on flow distribution around hypersonic blunt body in planetary atmospher
Motion clouds: model-based stimulus synthesis of natural-like random textures for the study of motion perception
Choosing an appropriate set of stimuli is essential to characterize the
response of a sensory system to a particular functional dimension, such as the
eye movement following the motion of a visual scene. Here, we describe a
framework to generate random texture movies with controlled information
content, i.e., Motion Clouds. These stimuli are defined using a generative
model that is based on controlled experimental parametrization. We show that
Motion Clouds correspond to dense mixing of localized moving gratings with
random positions. Their global envelope is similar to natural-like stimulation
with an approximate full-field translation corresponding to a retinal slip. We
describe the construction of these stimuli mathematically and propose an
open-source Python-based implementation. Examples of the use of this framework
are shown. We also propose extensions to other modalities such as color vision,
touch, and audition
A historical survey of the printing processes for pictures in communications
Thesis (M.S.)--Boston Universit
Attitudes towards mental illness in Malawi: a cross-sectional survey
<p><b>Background:</b> Stigma and discrimination associated with mental illness are strongly linked to suffering, disability and poverty. In order to protect the rights of those with mental disorders and to sensitively develop services, it is vital to gain a more accurate understanding of the frequency and nature of stigma against people with mental illness. Little research about this issue has been conducted in sub Saharan Africa. Our study aimed to describe levels of stigma in Malawi.</p>
<p><b>Method:</b> A cross-sectional survey of patients and relatives attending mental health and non-mental health related clinics in a general hospital in Blantyre, Malawi. Subjects were interviewed using an adapted version of the questionnaire developed for the World Psychiatric Association Program to Reduce Stigma and Discrimination Because of Schizophrenia.</p>
<p><b>Results:</b> 210 subjects participated in our study. Most attributed mental disorder to alcohol and illicit drug abuse (95%). This was closely followed by brain disease (92.8%), spirit possession (82.8%) and then psychological trauma (76.1%). There were some associations found between demographic variables and single question responses, however no consistent trends were observed in stigmatising beliefs. These results should be interpreted with caution and in the context of existing research. Contrary to the international literature, having direct personal experience of mental illness seemed to have no positive effect on stigmatising beliefs in our sample.</p>
<p><b>Conclusions:</b> Our study contributes to an emerging picture that individuals in sub Saharan Africa most commonly attribute mental illness to alcohol/ illicit drug use and spiritual causes. Our work adds weight to the argument that stigma towards mental illness is an important global health and human rights issue.</p>
The relativistic solar particle event of 2005 January 20: origin of delayed particle acceleration
The highest energies of solar energetic nucleons detected in space or through
gamma-ray emission in the solar atmosphere are in the GeV range. Where and how
the particles are accelerated is still controversial. We search for
observational information on the location and nature of the acceleration
region(s) by comparing the timing of relativistic protons detected on Earth and
radiative signatures in the solar atmosphere during the particularly
well-observed 2005 Jan. 20 event. This investigation focuses on the
post-impulsive flare phase, where a second peak was observed in the
relativistic proton time profile by neutron monitors. This time profile is
compared in detail with UV imaging and radio spectrography over a broad
frequency band from the low corona to interplanetary space. It is shown that
the late relativistic proton release to interplanetary space was accompanied by
a distinct new episode of energy release and electron acceleration in the
corona traced by the radio emission and by brightenings of UV kernels. These
signatures are interpreted in terms of magnetic restructuring in the corona
after the coronal mass ejection passage. We attribute the delayed relativistic
proton acceleration to magnetic reconnection and possibly to turbulence in
large-scale coronal loops. While Type II radio emission was observed in the
high corona, no evidence of a temporal relationship with the relativistic
proton acceleration was found
Flux rope, hyperbolic flux tube, and late EUV phases in a non-eruptive circular-ribbon flare
We present a detailed study of a confined circular flare dynamics associated
with 3 UV late phases in order to understand more precisely which topological
elements are present and how they constrain the dynamics of the flare. We
perform a non-linear force free field extrapolation of the confined flare
observed with the HMI and AIA instruments onboard SDO. From the 3D magnetic
field we compute the squashing factor and we analyse its distribution.
Conjointly, we analyse the AIA EUV light curves and images in order to identify
the post-flare loops, their temporal and thermal evolution. By combining both
analysis we are able to propose a detailed scenario that explains the dynamics
of the flare. Our topological analysis shows that in addition to a null-point
topology with the fan separatrix, the spine lines and its surrounding
Quasi-Separatix Layers halo (typical for a circular flare), a flux rope and its
hyperbolic flux tube (HFT) are enclosed below the null. By comparing the
magnetic field topology and the EUV post-flare loops we obtain an almost
perfect match 1) between the footpoints of the separatrices and the EUV
1600~\AA{} ribbons and 2) between the HFT's field line footpoints and bright
spots observed inside the circular ribbons. We showed, for the first time in a
confined flare, that magnetic reconnection occured initially at the HFT, below
the flux rope. Reconnection at the null point between the flux rope and the
overlying field is only initiated in a second phase. In addition, we showed
that the EUV late phase observed after the main flare episode are caused by the
cooling loops of different length which have all reconnected at the null point
during the impulsive phase.Comment: Astronomy & Astrophysics, in pres
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