Orbifold Family Unification

We study the possibility of complete family unification in higher-dimensional space-time. Three families of matters in SU(5) grand unified theory are derived from a single bulk multiplet of SU(N) gauge group (N >= 9) in the framework of S^1/Z_2 orbifold models. In the case of the direct orbifold breaking down to the standard model gauge group, there are models in which bulk fields from a single multiplet and a few brane fields compose three families of quarks and leptons.Comment: Comments added, version to appear in Physical Review D (v3); References added (v2); 19 pages (v1

Superparticle Sum Rules in the presence of Hidden Sector Dynamics

We derive sum rules among scalar masses for various boundary conditions of the hidden-visible couplings in the presence of hidden sector dynamics and show that they still can be useful probes of the MSSM and beyond.Comment: 22 page

Detection of sentinel and non-sentinel lymph node micrometastases by complete serial sectioning and immunohistochemical analysis for gastric cancer

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>We investigated the presence and distribution of the sentinel and the non-sentinel node micrometastases using complete serial sectioning and immunohistochemical staining (IHC), to inspect whether lymph node micrometastases spread to the sentinel lymph nodes first.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>A total of 35 patients, who underwent gastrectomy with a sentinel lymph node biopsy for gastric cancer, were enrolled in this study. Total of 1028 lymph nodes of 35 patients having gastric cancer without metastasis of lymph node by permanent section with hematoxylin and eosin staining (H&E) were selected. There were 252 sentinel nodes and the other 776 were non-sentinel nodes. All nodes were sectioned serially and stained alternately with H&E and IHC. Lymph node micrometastases was defined as proving to be positive first either the IHC or the complete serial sectioning.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Micrometastases were detected in 4 (11%) of the 35 patients, 6 (0.58%) of 1028 nodes. Of these 4 patients, 3 had micrometastases exclusively in sentinel nodes, and the other had micrometastasis in both sentinel and non-sentinel nodes. There was no patient who had the micrometasitases only in non-sentinel nodes.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>These results support the concept that lymph node micrometastasis of gastric cancer spreads first to sentinel nodes.</p

Strategy for designing selective α-L-rhamnosidase inhibitors: Synthesis and biological evaluation of DMDP cyclic isothioureas

This study shows that the cyclization of L-DMDP thioureas to bicyclic L-DMDP isothioureas improved a-Lrhamnosidase inhibition which was further enhanced by increasing the length of the alkyl chain. The addition of a long alkyl chain, such as decyl or dodecyl, to the nitrogen led to the production of highly potent inhibitors of a-L-rhamnosidase; it also caused broad inhibition spectrum against b-glucosidase and b-galactosidase. In contrast, the corresponding N-benzyl-L-DMDP cyclic isothioureas display selective inhibition of a-L-rhamnosidase; 30,40-dichlorobenzyl-L-DMDP cyclic isothiourea (3r) was found to display the most potent and selective inhibition of a-L-rhamnosidase, with IC50 value of 0.22 lM, about 46-fold better than the positive control 5-epi-deoxyrhamnojirimycin (5-epi-DRJ; IC50 = 10 lM) and occupied the active-site of this enzyme (Ki = 0.11 lM). Bicyclic isothioureas of ido-L-DMDP did not inhibit a-L-rhamnosidase. These new mimics of L-rhamnose may affect other enzymes associated with the biochemistry of rhamnose including enzymes involved in progression of tuberculosis.

Strategy for designing selective α-L-rhamnosidase inhibitors: Synthesis and biological evaluation of DMDP cyclic isothioureas

This study shows that the cyclization of L-DMDP thioureas to bicyclic L-DMDP isothioureas improved a-Lrhamnosidase inhibition which was further enhanced by increasing the length of the alkyl chain. The addition of a long alkyl chain, such as decyl or dodecyl, to the nitrogen led to the production of highly potent inhibitors of a-L-rhamnosidase; it also caused broad inhibition spectrum against b-glucosidase and b-galactosidase. In contrast, the corresponding N-benzyl-L-DMDP cyclic isothioureas display selective inhibition of a-L-rhamnosidase; 30,40-dichlorobenzyl-L-DMDP cyclic isothiourea (3r) was found to display the most potent and selective inhibition of a-L-rhamnosidase, with IC50 value of 0.22 lM, about 46-fold better than the positive control 5-epi-deoxyrhamnojirimycin (5-epi-DRJ; IC50 = 10 lM) and occupied the active-site of this enzyme (Ki = 0.11 lM). Bicyclic isothioureas of ido-L-DMDP did not inhibit a-L-rhamnosidase. These new mimics of L-rhamnose may affect other enzymes associated with the biochemistry of rhamnose including enzymes involved in progression of tuberculosis.