Maxillofacial osteoradionecrosis

Osteoradionecrosis is a severe and delayed radiation-induced injury, characterized by bone tissue necrosis and failure to heal. Cases of osteoradionecrosis present to the clinician with features of pain, drainage, and fistulation of the mucosa or skin related to exposed bone in the previously irradiated area. The tumour size and location, radiation dose, occurrence of local trauma, dental extractions, infection, immune defects, and malnutrition are predisposing factors. A better understanding of risk factors leading to the development osteoradionecrosis and of the underlying pathophysiology may improve the ability of the clinician to prevent the occurrence and help improve the prognosis of this complication. Although the frequency of osteoradionecrosis has declined since the introduction of newer methods of radiotherapy, this review focuses on the etiology, pathophysiology, clinical features, radiological features, diagnosis, and treatment modalities including the newer modalities

A novel approach for hybridization of vehicles for the conservation of fuel and environment

Due to the increase in the number of vehicles, pollution has increased exponentially in the near past. Various research has beendone to minimize the net emission of the smoke. In this project, the use of electric powertrain in automobile systems is experienced in a different manner. The main objective was to design a car that can work under electric power to minimize the pollution level within the city and if required it could also be operated upon petroleum. Another objective was to keep to its cost as low a possible as there are already enough hybrid vehicles available but at a higher cost. This hybrid vehicles (SHEVs) combine an internal combustion engine (ICE) and an electrical energy/power source that is composed of a battery and one or two electricmachines. Compared with the common hybrid electric vehicle (HEV), a SHEV has greater potential to reduce fuel consumption and reduce emissions, since it allows full electrical rear wheel driving inside the city within the speed range of 50-60 km/hr. The main emphasis of this project lies in its designing of the split hybrid pattern and the Regenerative system effectively. The other important additional feature is its power switch transmission i.e. effectively from IC engine to Electric engine or vice-versa depending on the traveling environment, inside the city (electric engine) and on highways (IC engine)