Determination of Main Constituents in Green Gram Using Near- Infrared Hyperspectral Imaging

For the determination of main constituents, grain research laboratories around the world are using age old techniques which are time consuming, cost intensive, and sample destructive. In the present study, an attempt was made to investigate the feasibility of near-infrared (NIR) hyperspectral imaging for predicting moisture, protein, and starch content in green gram (Vigna radiata (L.) R. Wilczek). Images of green gram were obtained using a NIR hyperspectral imaging system in the wavelength region of 960-1700 nm at 10 nm intervals. Seventy five NIR reflectance intensities were extracted from each of the scanned images and were used in the development of prediction models. Ten-factor partial least squares regression (PLSR) and principal components regression (PCR) models were developed using a ten-fold cross validation for prediction. Prediction performances of PLSR and PCR models were assessed by calculating the estimated mean square errors of prediction (MSEP), standard error of cross-validation (SECV), and correlation coefficient (r). Overall, PLSR models demonstrated better prediction performances than the PCR models for predicting moisture, protein, and starch content of green gram. Based on β-coefficient values of the PLSR method, wavelengths regions of 1180-1220 and 1320-1360 nm; 960-980 and 1100-1110; and 1050-1100, 1230-1360, and 1400-1450 nm could be used in future inline inspection for predicting moisture content, protein, and starch content of green gram, respectively in multi-spectral imaging systems

Production of biofuels from sorghum

Sorghum is an important crop that serve multiple purposes as human food, animal feed, and bioenergy production. There are opportunities to produce different types of biofuels from sorghum-based biomass. Sorghum with its vast genetic resources can serve as bioenergy crop and not compete against the value of it as food and nutritional security crop. Bioenegy crops provides an opportunity for agriculture to be part of solution for energy and mitigation to climate change. This review provides detailed overview and current knowledge on the conversion of sorghum biomass (stalks, leaves, and grains) into liquid (bioethanol, biodiesel, and bio-oil), gas (biohydrogen, biogas, and syngas) and solid (biochar) biofuels. Progress made in the different sorghum-based biomass pretreatment and conversion processes including chemical, biochemical, thermochemical and biological processes (e.g. saccharification, fermentation, transesterification, hydrothermal liquefaction, pyrolysis, and gasification) are highlighted and described. In addition, several value-added products from sorghum gaining importance in biofuels production are summarized. Finally, the potential outlook on sorghum based biorefiners and potential for improving sorghum-based biofuel production is presented and discussed. The biorefinery concept offers a considerable scope for optimization of sorghum biomass utilization to produce biofuels and biochemicals. However, there is further need to clearly identify the best methods of pre-treatment, processing, and products from different sources. Sorghum with its high biomass production and multiple use has the potential to be key biofuel crop. Further research is needed to identify most efficient and cost effective processes to ensure the value of biofuel and other bioproducts from sorghum. A complete lifecycle analyses indicating the challenges and opportunities to enhance the efficiency, benefits, and challenges in different steps and finding solutions to overcome those challenges will be of prime importance. Strong collaboration between private and public sector researhcers and multidisciplinary teams will be required to develop a comprehensive biorefinery models