Fate of warm Pacific water in the Arctic Basin

Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2021. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Geophysical Research Letters 48(20), (2021): e2021GL094693, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021GL094693.Pacific Summer Water (PSW) plays a critical role in the ecosystem of the western Arctic Ocean, impacting sea-ice melt and providing freshwater to the basin. Most of the water exits the Chukchi Sea shelf through Barrow Canyon, but the manner in which this occurs and the ultimate fate of the water remain uncertain. Using an extensive collection of historical hydrographic and velocity data, we demonstrate how the PSW outflow depends on different wind conditions, dictating whether the warm water progresses eastward or westward away from the canyon. The current carrying the water westward along the continental slope splits into different branches, influenced by the strength and extent of the Beaufort Gyre, while the eastward penetration of PSW along the shelfbreak is limited. Our results provide the first broad-scale view of how PSW is transferred from the shelf to the basin, highlighting the role of winds, boundary currents, and eddy exchange.Funding for the project was provided by National Science Foundation grant OPP-1733564 and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration grant NA14OAR4320158 (P. Lin, R. S. Pickart, J. Li), and Trond Mohn Foundation Grant BFS2016REK01 (K. Vage).2022-04-0

Random terahertz metamaterials

Using terahertz time domain spectroscopy we investigate the normal incidence transmission through periodically and randomly arranged planar split ring resonators (SRRs). Introduction of positional disorder in metamaterials has no effect on the quality factor of the fundamental Inductive-Capacitive (LC) resonance. The dipole resonances undergo broadening and shift in their resonance frequencies. The experiment reveals that the randomly distributed SRR structures interact incoherently at LC resonance but couple coherently at the higher frequency dipole resonance

Inconsistent Matters: A Knowledge-guided Dual-consistency Network for Multi-modal Rumor Detection

Rumor spreaders are increasingly utilizing multimedia content to attract the attention and trust of news consumers. Though quite a few rumor detection models have exploited the multi-modal data, they seldom consider the inconsistent semantics between images and texts, and rarely spot the inconsistency among the post contents and background knowledge. In addition, they commonly assume the completeness of multiple modalities and thus are incapable of handling handle missing modalities in real-life scenarios. Motivated by the intuition that rumors in social media are more likely to have inconsistent semantics, a novel Knowledge-guided Dual-consistency Network is proposed to detect rumors with multimedia contents. It uses two consistency detection subnetworks to capture the inconsistency at the cross-modal level and the content-knowledge level simultaneously. It also enables robust multi-modal representation learning under different missing visual modality conditions, using a special token to discriminate between posts with visual modality and posts without visual modality. Extensive experiments on three public real-world multimedia datasets demonstrate that our framework can outperform the state-of-the-art baselines under both complete and incomplete modality conditions. Our codes are available at https://github.com/MengzSun/KDCN

Two hAT transposon genes were transferred from Brassicaceae to broomrapes and are actively expressed in some recipients

A growing body of evidence is pointing to an important role of horizontal gene transfer (HGT) in the evolution of higher plants. However, reports of HGTs of transposable elements (TEs) in plants are still scarce, and only one case is known of a class II transposon horizontally transferred between grasses. To investigate possible TE transfers in dicots, we performed transcriptome screening in the obligate root parasite Phelipanche aegyptiaca (Orobanchaceae), data-mining in the draft genome assemblies of four other Orobanchaceae, gene cloning, gene annotation in species with genomic information, and a molecular phylogenetic analysis. We discovered that the broomrape genera Phelipanche and Orobanche acquired two related nuclear genes (christened BO transposase genes), a new group of the hAT superfamily of class II transposons, from Asian Sisymbrieae or a closely related tribe of Brassicaceae, by HGT. The collinearity of the flanking genes, lack of a classic border structure, and low expression levels suggest that BO transposase genes cannot transpose in Brassicaceae, whereas they are highly expressed in P. aegyptiaca

The Atlantic Water boundary current in the Chukchi Borderland and Southern Canada Basin

Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2020. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans 125(8), (2020): e2020JC016197, doi:10.1029/2020JC016197.Synoptic shipboard measurements, together with historical hydrographic data and satellite data, are used to elucidate the detailed structure of the Atlantic Water (AW) boundary current system in the southern Canada Basin and its connection to the upstream source of AW in the Chukchi Borderland. Nine high‐resolution occupations of a transect extending from the Beaufort shelf to the deep basin near 152°W, taken between 2003 and 2018, reveal that there are two branches of the AW boundary current that flow beneath and counter to the Beaufort Gyre. Each branch corresponds to a warm temperature core and transports comparable amounts of Fram Strait Branch Water between roughly 200–700 m depth, although they are characterized by a different temperature/salinity (T/S) structure. The mean volume flux of the combined branches is 0.87 ± 0.13 Sv. Using the historical hydrographic data, the two branches are tracked upstream by their temperature cores and T/S signatures. This sheds new light on how the AW negotiates the Chukchi Borderland and why two branches emerge from this region. Lastly, the propagation of warm temperature anomalies through the region is quantified and shown to be consistent with the deduced circulation scheme.This work was funded by the following sources: National Science Foundation Grants PLR‐1504333, OPP‐1733564, and OPP‐1504394; National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Grant NA14OAR4320158; and National Aeronautics and Space Administration Grant NNX10AF42G.2021-01-2

Renormalization of Multiple qq-Zeta Values

In this paper we shall define the renormalization of the multiple $q$-zeta values (M$q$ZV) which are special values of multiple $q$-zeta functions $\zeta_q(s_1,...,s_d)$ when the arguments are all positive integers or all non-positive integers. This generalizes the work of Guo and Zhang (math.NT/0606076v3) on the renormalization of Euler-Zagier multiple zeta values. We show that our renormalization process produces the same values if the M$q$ZVs are well-defined originally and that these renormalizations of M$q$ZV satisfy the $q$-stuffle relations if we use shifted-renormalizations for all divergent $\zeta_q(s_1,...,s_d)$ (i.e., $s_1\le 1$). Moreover, when \qup our renormalizations agree with those of Guo and Zhang.Comment: 22 pages. This is a substantial revision of the first version. I provide a new and complete proof of the fact that our renormalizations satisfy the q-stuffle relations using the shifting principle of MqZV

Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus Surface Decontamination Strategies Using Chemical Sanitizing to Reduce the Quantity of PEDV RNA on Feed Manufacturing Surfaces with Environmental Swabbing

Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea virus (PEDV) is a possible hazard in feed mills that could impact pig health. If the virus enters a feed mill, it quickly becomes widely distributed and is difficult to decontaminate from surfaces.6,7 The objective of this study was to evaluate a variety of liquid and dry chemical treatments that could be used as sanitizers to reduce the amount of PEDV found on feed manufacturing surfaces in mills. This experiment was replicated 3 times and was designed in a 5 × 10 factorial with main effects of 5 different feed manufacturing surfaces and 10 sanitizing treatments. Surfaces included stainless steel, plastic, rubber, woven polypropylene tote bag, and sealed concrete coupons (4 × 4 in). One mL (1×105 TCID50/mL) of stock PEDV was applied to each surface and allowed to dry completely for 60 min. Next, a mitigation treatment was applied for 15 min: 1) no sanitation treatment (control); 2) untreated rice hulls; 3) rice hulls treated with formaldehyde-based commercial product (Sal CURB; Kemin Inc., Des Moines, IA); 4) liquid formaldehyde-based commercial product (Sal CURB; Kemin Inc., Des Moines, IA); 5) dry commercial benzoic acid and probiotic blend (VevoVitall and CRINA; DSM Nutritional Products Inc., Parsippany, NJ); 6) liquid ammonium chloride, isopropanol, and hydrogen peroxide-based commercial food-grade sanitizer (DrySan Duo; Ecolab, St. Paul, MN); 7) liquid hydrogen peroxide commercial product (INTERvention; Virox Technologies Inc. Ontario, Canada); 8) liquid quaternary ammonium glutaraldehyde commercial product (Synergize; Preserve International, Reno NV); 9) liquid sodium hypochlorite commercial sanitizer (Bleach; Clorox, Oakland, CA); and 10) liquid medium chain fatty acid blend of caprylic, caproic, and capric acids. There were 3 replicates per treatment. The quantity of PEDV RNA was determined using qRT-PCR. All main effects, interaction, and comparisons were highly significant (P ≤ 0.001). Liquid Sal CURB and liquid bleach were the most effective chemical treatments to reduce the quantity of detectable PEDV RNA, but their application is limited due to their liquid state and potential corrosiveness. Additional research is necessary to identify the role of sanitizer on PEDV infectivity, even if RNA residue remains, and to develop dry sanitizers capable of removing PEDV RNA on swine feed manufacturing surfaces that are not corrosive

Evaluating Chemical Mitigation of Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus (PEDV) in Swine Feed and Ingredients

Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus (PEDV) is primarily transmitted by fecal-oral contamination. Research has confirmed swine feed or ingredients as potential vectors of transmission, so strategies are needed to mitigate PEDV in feed. The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the effectiveness of various chemical additives to prevent or mitigate post-processing PEDV contamination in swine feed and ingredients. Treatments were arranged in a 7 × 4 factorial with seven chemical treatments and four feed matrices. The chemical treatments included: negative control with no chemical addition, 0.3% commercial formaldehyde product, 1% sodium bisulfate, 1% sodium chlorate, 3% custom organic acid blend (OA), 2% custom essential oil blend (EO), and 2% custom medium chain fatty acid blend (MCFA). The four matrices included a complete swine diet, blood meal, meat and bone meal, and spray-dried animal plasma. Matrices were first chemically treated, then inoculated with PEDV, stored at room temperature, and analyzed by RT-PCR on d 0, 1, 3, 7, 14, 21, and 42 post inoculation. Formaldehyde, MCFA, EO, and OA addition each decreased RNA concentration of PEDV compared to the control (P \u3c 0.05), with formaldehyde being the most effective on d 0. Feed matrix appears important in PEDV retention, as RNA concentrations were lower in the swine diet and blood meal than meat and bone meal or spray-dried animal plasma on d 0 (P \u3c 0.05). Additionally, PEDV stability over time was influenced by matrix as RNA concentrations were greater by d 42 for spray-dried animal plasma and meat and bone meal than the complete swine diet and blood meal. In summary, time, formaldehyde, MCFA, EO, and OA all enhance the RNA degradation of PEDV in swine feed and ingredients as measured by RT-PCR, but their effectiveness varies within matrix. Notably, the MCFA was equally as successful at mitigating PEDV as a commercially-available formaldehyde product