Enzymatic oligomerization and polymerization of arylamines: state of the art and perspectives

The literature concerning the oxidative oligomerization and polymerization of various arylamines, e.g., aniline, substituted anilines, aminonaphthalene and its derivatives, catalyzed by oxidoreductases, such as laccases and peroxidases, in aqueous, organic, and mixed aqueous organic monophasic or biphasic media, is reviewed. An overview of template-free as well as template-assisted enzymatic syntheses of oligomers and polymers of arylamines is given. Special attention is paid to mechanistic aspects of these biocatalytic processes. Because of the nontoxicity of oxidoreductases and their high catalytic efficiency, as well as high selectivity of enzymatic oligomerizations/polymerizations under mild conditions-using mainly water as a solvent and often resulting in minimal byproduct formation-enzymatic oligomerizations and polymerizations of arylamines are environmentally friendly and significantly contribute to a "green'' chemistry of conducting and redox-active oligomers and polymers. Current and potential future applications of enzymatic polymerization processes and enzymatically synthesized oligo/polyarylamines are discussed

Rapid evaluation of rockfall risk scenarios for purpose of civil protection

For a rapid and complete definition of rockfall risk scenarios useful in terms of civil protection, a wellstructured semi-automatic procedure, integrated with traditional methods, is presented. In order to cover a wide range of features, and investigating the main advantages and drawbacks of the proposed approach, the data collection was carried out in three different slopes along the Nera valley (Central Italy), which is characterized by a high rockfall risk, especially in the villages and along the main roads, because of its morphology, high local seismic activity and diversified rockmass features. The above-mentioned measurement phase mainly consisted of laser scanning and geomechanical surveys; the latter were executed by using both traditional methodology and by analy zing remote data obtained with the laser scanning survey itself. All collected data were used to create a detailed digital elevation model, to obtain the shape and volume of the most unstable blocks, to define the position of the main rockfall source areas, and to precisely distinguish the outcropping materials and the position of the elements at risk for reliable runout analyses. Such analyses were performed for each investigated site applying both 2D and 3D simulations. Different risk scenarios with medium -high criticality have thus been highlighted, which can be useful in supporting proper maintenance and land management policies both in ordinary circumstances and in emergency contexts. Moreover the presented approach proved to be objective, reliable and easily exportable, even if , each time, some integration to the local situations could be necessary

Terrestrial laser scanner and geomechanical surveys for the rapid evaluation of rock fall susceptibility scenarios

The primary objective of this paper is to present a semiautomatic procedure that, integrated with traditional methods, can be useful for a rapid definition of rock fall susceptibility scenarios with the purpose of civil protection. Due to its morphology (steep slopes and narrow valleys), regional seismicity, and rock mass characteristics, the Nera Valley (Valnerina, Umbria Region, Italy) is characterized by high rock fall risk. With the aim of covering a wide range of features and investigating the main advantages and drawbacks of the proposed approach, data collection (terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) and geomechanical surveys) was carried out at three different slopes. Detailed three-dimensional (3D) models were created to reconstruct the shape and volume of the most unstable blocks, to define the position of the main rock fall source areas, and to precisely distinguish the outcropping materials and the position of the elements at risk for reliable runout analyses. The proposed approach can be useful in supporting proper maintenance and land management programs both in ordinary and in emergency circumstances

TXT-tool 4.039-3.1: Terrestrial laser scanner and geomechanical surveys for the rapid evaluation of rock fall susceptibility scenarios

This paper is aimed at presenting a semiautomatic procedure that, coupled with conventional methods, can be useful for a prompt definition of rock fall susceptibility scenarios with civil protection purposes. Due to its landscape morphology (steep slopes and narrow valley), regional seismicity, and rock mass characteristics, the Nera Valley (Valnerina, Umbria Region, Italy) is highly prone to rock falls. In order to cover a wide range of features and investigate the main advantages and drawbacks of the proposed approach, data collection was carried out in three different slopes by means of terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) and geomechanical surveys. Detailed three-dimensional (3D) terrain models were reconstructed to obtain the geometry of the most unstable blocks, to define the position of the main rock fall source areas, and to precisely distinguish the outcropping materials and the position of the elements at risk for reliable runout analyses. Consequently, the proposed approach can positively support proper maintenance and land management programs both in ordinary and in emergency circumstances