52 research outputs found
Egyptian Jatropha oil extraction for biodiesel production
Biodiesel is the most desirable biofuel economically andtechnically and it can be made from any vegetable oil. InEGYPT jatropha oil seems to be the best source for biodiesel production because jatropha tree is easily growing and easily propagated.Also jatropha tree thrives in marginal and desert areas that are unable to support crops and it can be irrigated with primary treated municipal wastewater.The main purpose of this investigation is to compare andoptimize the oil yield extracted from jatropha seeds on both bench and pilot scale.Different solvents under different extraction conditions were studied to determine optimum solvent type, solid: liquid ratio and extraction time which gave maximum oil yield.Oil extracted specifications, losses in seeds dehulling &washing, losses in solvent used and extracted meal analysis& uses were also concluded
Effect of Extractive Solvents on Bio – Oil Production From Microalgae via Hydrothermal Liquefaction
Bio–oil from spirulina sp. is complicated mixture with valued chemicals. The hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) converts directly the spirulina microalgae into liquid oil at reaction temperature 300°C with heating rate 10°C /min,100 bars pressure and 30 min. reaction time eight different organic solvents with different polarities were applied to extract the bio – oil from these chemicals. The order of bio–oil extraction yield of the eight solvents from high to low were as follow tetrahydrofuran (THF) ˃ dichloromethane (DCM) ˃ acetone (ACE) ˃ chloroform (CHL) ˃ methanol (MeOH)˃ ethyl-acetate (EAC) ˃ hexane (HEX) ˃toluene (TOL).The results obtained from single stage extraction process showed that maximum percentage oil yield was (26.55%). with rather high heating value (HHV ≈ 30 MJ/kg). The combination of THF, EAC and n-hexane was selected to extract and separate the bio – oil into three fraction heavy oil (48.9%) mid weight oil (37.8%) and light oil (62.2%). These three oils were characterized using gas chromatography mass spectrum (GC – mass). Keywords:- Bio–oil , extractives, hydrothermal , liquefaction, micro- algae.
Degradation of 2, 4, 6-trinitotoluene in aqueous solution by ozonation and multi-stage ozonation biological treatment
The objective of this study was to explore the extent of
2,4,6-trinitrotoluene synthetic solution and red water mineralization
by comparing conventional direct ozonation and multi-stage
ozonation-biological treatment process. The alkaline hydrolysis was
used for remediation 2, 4, 6-trinitrotoluene and red water at pH =
10.9. Nevertheless, the hydroxyl radicals would be generated by ozone
decomposition with ozone dose of 0.177 g/L. The samples were subjected
to chemical oxygen demand and total organic carbon analysis to monitor
pollutants removal. The rate of 2, 4, 6-trinitrotoluene and red water
pollutants degradation were quantified using high performance liquid
chromatography. 2, 4, 6-trinitrotoluene synthetic solution resulted
55.5 % chemical oxygen demand removal by 3 h direct ozonation.
Following direct ozonation the biological treatment twenty four hours
chemical oxygen demand reached 98.9 % and 98.7 % removal using humic
acid and river water 1 % ( v/v) inoculation singly and respectively.
Conventional direct ozonation showed non significant change in total
organic carbon degradation. While on using multi-stage ozone-biological
treatment process where humic acid and/or river water were used as
inoculums singly and respectively, total organic carbon fulfilled 73 %
and 98.3 % removal. The process was one hour direct ozonation and
followed by three days multistage ozone-biological treatment. In
multi-stage ozone-biological treatment process, ozonation was effective
to decompose total organic carbon and to produce biodegradable
dissolved organic carbon easily removed by ozone oxidation up to 98.3 %
in 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene synthetic solution. Pollutants removal
achieved 99 % in authentic red water effluent using river inoculation 1
% (v/v) in 5 days. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance and Fourier
Transformation Infra Red methods were performed to confirm types of
pollutants content in red water
Protection of biodiesel and oil from degradation by natural antioxidants of Egyptian Jatropha
Residue of methanolic extract of Egyptian Jatropha curcas contains
bioactive substances such as phenolic compounds, which succeeded to be
used as natural antioxidants for the protection of oils and their
corresponding biodiesel against oxidative deterioration. In the present
work, the residue of Jatropha roots were extracted with methanol and
resulting residues, were investigated regarding their content of total
phenolic compounds by folin-Cioalteau assay. Further, the antioxidant
activities of the extracts were characterized by the
2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical method and proved remarkable
results. Oxidation stability of Jatropha oil, used fried oil and olive
oil and their corresponding biodiesel obtained by conventional
transesterification were tested using thermal oxidation. Natural
antioxidants such as (á-trocopherol), synthetic antioxidants as
butylated hydroxytoluene and natural Jatropha root extract were used in
the present study in comparison to investigate their addition effect on
the oxidative stability of oils and their corresponding biodiesel. In
the rapied thermal treatment test, results showed that addition of
butylated hydroxytoluene 0.25 % was able to stabilize Jatropha oil 6 h,
but poorly stabiliz biodiesel. Addition of 0.25 % á-trocopherol to
Jatropha oil showed less oxidation stability after 2 h thermal
treatment. Crude root extract addition at 0.25% to Jatropha oil showed
good stability up to 4 h thermal treatment while addition of root
extract at 0.25 % to biodiesel showed better stability up to 6 h
thermal treatment. Besides addition of 220 ppm crude root extract to
biodiesel was enough sufficient to occure oxidative stabilization. Also
Jatropha root residue addition at 400 ppm was effective antioxidant for
fresh Jatropha oil
Investigation of Nickel Ion Removal by Means of Activated Clay
Natural and activated clays have been investigated as adsorbents for the removal of nickel from wastewater. Analysis of the natural clay under test showed that it was composed, approximately of 51% kaolinite, 46% montmorillonite and 3% illite, having a specific surface area of 65 m 2 /g. The natural clay was treated with different activators (HCl, NaCl and H 2 O 2 ) to enhance its adsorption capacity towards nickel. The efficiency of such activation was greater by 16.0% and 23.2% in the case of NaCl and H 2 O 2 , respectively, relative to untreated clay. No significant increase in the adsorption capacity was brought about by HCl treatment. A limited comparison has been made between clay and activated carbon by performing isotherm studies under similar conditions. The results indicate that the adsorption capacity of clay activated with H 2 O 2 , clay activated with NaCl and natural clay is 216.9%, 204.2% and 176.1% that of activated carbon, respectively. Based solely on the adsorption capacity, an economic analysis demonstrates that natural clay is the cheapest material, followed by clay activated with NaCl and clay activated with H 2 O 2 . The relative costs of removing nickel using natural clay, clay activated with NaCl and clay activated with H 2 O 2 were found to be 2.8%, 5.4% and 25.4%, respectively, that of activated carbon
Useful Adsorption Equilibriums by Means of Natural Clay
Equilibrium isotherms have been determined for the adsorption of nickel onto natural clay. The experimental results have been fitted using the Freundlich, Langmuir and Redlich-Peterson isotherms. The maximum adsorption capacity of the clay was found to be 12.5 mg/g. The relative costs of nickel removal are reported based on adsorption capacity alone and are found to be 2.8% of that of activated carbon
Development and evaluation of biodiesel fuel and by-products from jatropha oil
Biodiesel is an environmentally friend renewable diesel fuel
alternative. Jatropha seeds can be a feedstock to produce a valuable
amount of oil to be converted to biodiesel using transesterification
reaction. Jatropha plant has been successfully grown in southern Egypt
using primary treated municipal wastewater for its irrigation. A bench
scale production of biodiesel from Jatropha oil (using methyl alcohol
and sodium hydroxide as catalyst) was developed with methyl esters
yield of 98 %. Biodiesel was produced on a pilot scale based on the
bench scale experiment results with almost the same methyl esters yield
of 98 %. The produced biodiesel was evaluated as a fuel and compared
with petroleum diesel according to its physical and chemical parameters
such as viscosity, flash point, pour point, cloud point, carbon
residue, acid value and calorific value. The experimental techniques
and product evaluation results show that such properties of the
produced biodiesel are near to that of petroleum diesel. A mass balance
representing the transesterification process is presented in this
study. Glycerol of 85 % purity was produced and evaluated as a valuable
byproduct of the process. Free fatty acids and sodium phosphate salts
which have industrial interesting are also produced and evaluated
An Improved PCR-RFLP Assay for Detection and Genotyping of Asymptomatic <i>Giardia lamblia</i> Infection in a Resource-Poor Setting
Prevalence of Cryptosporidium-Associated Diarrhea in a High Altitude-Community of Saudi Arabia Detected by Conventional and Molecular Methods
Assessment of Anti-Alzheimer Pursuit of Jambolan Fruit Extract and/or Choline against AlCl<sub>3</sub> Toxicity in Rats
Jambolan fruit extract and choline were investigated for Aluminum tri chloride (AlCl3)-induced Alzheimer’s disease in rats. Thirty-six male “Sprague Dawley” rats weighing (150 ± 10 g) were allocated into six groups; the first group was fed a baseline diet and served as a negative control. Alzheimer’s disease (AD) was induced in Group 2 rats by oral administration of AlCl3 (17 mg/kg body weight) dissolved in distilled water (served as a positive control). Rats in Group 3 were orally supplemented concomitantly with both 500 mg/kg BW of an ethanolic extract of jambolan fruit once daily for 28 days and AlCl3 (17 mg/kg body weight). Group 4: Rivastigmine (RIVA) aqueous infusion (0.3 mg/kg BW/day) was given orally to rats as a reference drug concomitantly with oral supplementation of AlCl3 (17 mg/kg body weight) for 28 days. Group 5 rats were orally treated with choline (1.1 g/kg) concomitantly with oral supplementation of AlCl3 (17 mg/kg body weight). Group 6 was given 500 mg/kg of jambolan fruit ethanolic extract and 1.1 g/kg of choline orally to test for additive effects concurrently with oral supplementation of AlCl3 (17 mg/kg bw) for 28 days. Body weight gain, feed intake, feed efficiency ratio, and relative brain, liver, kidney, and spleen weight were calculated after the trial. Brain tissue assessment was analyzed for antioxidant/oxidant markers, biochemical analysis in blood serum, a phenolic compound in Jambolan fruits extracted by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and histopathology of the brain. The results showed that Jambolan fruit extract and choline chloride improved brain functions, histopathology, and antioxidant enzyme activity compared with the positive group. In conclusion, administering jambolan fruit extract and choline can lower the toxic impacts of aluminum chloride on the brain
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