Penetration and infectivity of entomopathogenic nematodes against Lema sp. (Chrysomelidae: Coleoptera) infesting turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) and their multiplication

Penetration and infectivity of eight native isolates of entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs), Heterorhabditis sp. (IISR-EPN 01); Steinernema sp. (IISR-EPN 02); S. ramanai (IISR-EPN 03); S. carpocapsae (IISR-EPN 06), Oscheius gingeri (IISR-EPN 07) and Oscheius spp. (IISR-EPN 04, 05 and 08) were evaluated against larvae of leaf feeder (LF) Lema sp. infesting turmeric. Among the tested EPNs, Steinernema sp. (IISR-EPN 02) and O. gingeri (IISR-EPN 07) were more pathogenic to LF larva as they brought about 100% mortality to the insect within 48 h post exposure, followed by Heterorhabditis sp. (IISR-EPN 01) and Oscheius sp. (IISR-EPN 08) after 72 h of exposure. S. ramanai (IISR-EPN 03) and Oscheius spp. (IISR-EPN 04 and 05) took 96 and 120 h, respectively, to kill the test insect. Lema sp. larva was the most suitable host for multiplication of infective juveniles (IJs) of O. gingeri (IISR-EPN 07), which yielded 11, 480 IJs larva-1, followed by Steinernema sp. (IISREPN 02) (8, 658 IJs larva-1) and S. carpocapsae (IISR-EPN 06) (6, 810 IJs larva-1), however, Heterorhabditis sp. (IISR-EPN 01) less multiplied. The maximum number of Steinernema sp. (IISREPN 02) IJs penetrated into test larva (17.5 IJs larva-1), followed by S. carpocapsae (IISR-EPN 06) (10.2 IJs larva-1) and the fewest (2.8 IJs larva-1) were of Oscheius sp. (IISR-EPN 08). The infectivity of the above EPNs against LF is being reported for the first time which opens up a new hope of utilizing them in insect pest management in turmeric. &nbsp

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Not AvailableStudies on the infective juvenile (IJs) of entomopathogenic nematodes attachment, penetration into root grub and infectivity of eight native EPNs namely, Heterorhabditis sp. (IISR-EPN 01), Steinernema sp. (IISR-EPN 02), S. ramanai (IISR-EPN 03), S. carpocapsae (IISR-EPN 06), Oscheius gingeri (IISR-EPN 07) and Oscheius spp. (IISR-EPN 04, 05, and 08) were tested against cardamom root grub. Among the tested EPNs, maximum number of O. gingeri (IISREPN 07) IJs attached, followed by Heterorhabditis sp. (IISR-EPN 01) after 3 h of inoculation. Maximum number of Heterorhabditis sp. (IISR-EPN 01) IJs penetrate into grub, followed by O. gingeri (IISR-EPN 07). The lowest rate of penetration was found in the Oscheius sp. (IISR-EPN 05). In case of infectivity of EPNs, Heterorhabditis sp. (IISR-EPN 01) and O. gingeri (IISR-EPN 07) caused 100 % mortality to root grub, followed by S. ramanai (IISR-EPN 03) (83%). Whereas, Steinernema sp. (IISR-EPN 02), S. carpocapsae (IISR-EPN 06) and Oscheius sp. (IISR-EPN 08) brought about 67% mortality. However, Oscheius spp. (IISR-EPN 04 and 05) kill only 50% root grub after 72 h. Infectivity of these EPN against cardamom root grub is being reported for the first time. This opens a new non chemical option for management of insect pests of cardamom.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableA new species of entomopathogenic nematode (EPN) of the genus Oscheius was isolated from the rhizosphere of ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.) cultivated in Indian Institute of Spices Research Experimental Farm, Peruvannamuzhi, Calicut District, Kerala, India. This species is described as a new species on the basis of morphometrics study. Entomopathogenicity of this nematode was also tested against greater wax moth Gallaria mellonella larvae. O. gingeri sp. n. is diagnosed by the presence of leptoderan bursa and crochet needle-shaped spicules, presence of 10 lateral lines, didelphic female reproductive system, double-flapped epipytigma and nine genital papillae. The characteristics of the new species are: male; body ventrally curved, “C”-shaped upon fixation, leptoderan bursa, tail short rounded conoid and nine pairs of genital papillae, female; body almost straight upon fixation, female reproductive system is didelphic, double-flapped epipytigma present on the vulval opening and tail is short conoid with pointed tip and infective and juvenile; body thin elongate, tail elongate attenuated, gradually tapering at tip and spine-like projection present. It closely resembles with O. carolinensis but differs in smaller length (vs. L = 1728 μm), larger “a” value (vs. a = 18.2); smaller “b” value (vs. b = 7.0); and larger “c” value (vs. c = 11.0), vulval opening (vs. V = 50.3%), number of lateral lines (vs. = 4) and male body posture “C” shaped (vs. elongate). This new species also closely resembles with O. columbiana but differs in higher body length (vs. L = 1288 μm), smaller “b” value (vs. b = 6.5), smaller stoma length (vs. SL = 23) and number of lateral lines (vs. = 4). O. gingeri sp. n. also resembles with O. andrassyi but differs in size of the body (vs. L = 1601 μm), larger “b” value (vs. b = 8.2), smaller “c” value (vs. c = 14.4), vulval opening (vs. V = 50.3%) and number of lateral lines (vs. = 6). This new species is capable to kill ginger shoot borer larva Conogethes punctiferalis and G. mellonella within 24–72 h under laboratory conditions. This opens a new hope of utilising Oscheius gingeri sp. n. as a biopesticide for management of the shoot borer and other insect pests of ginger.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableThe attachment, penetration, infectivity and multiplication of eight native isolates of Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs), Heterorhabditis sp. (IISR-EPN 01), Steinernema sp. (IISR-EPN 02), Steinernema sp. (IISR-EPN 03), S. carpocapsae (IISR-EPN 06), Oscheius spp. (IISR-EPN 04, 05, and 08) and O. gingeri were tested against larvae of Conogethes punctiferalis at different temperatures viz., 20, 25, 30 and 35°C. The temperature significantly affected attachment, penetration, pathogenicity and multiplication ability of infective juveniles (IJs) of all tested EPNs. Among the test temperatures, maximum mortality of larvae was found at 30°C followed by 25°C, whereas the least mortality was recorded at 20 and 35°C. Maximum number of infective juveniles was multiplied at 30°C, however minimum multiplication was recorded at 35°C. Among the test EPNs, no multiplication of Heterorhabditis sp. (IISR-EPN 01), Steinernema sp. (IISR-EPN 03) and O. gingeri was recorded at 20°C. IJs attached to larvae of C. punctiferalis in higher number after 6 h at 25 and 30°C. Whereas, maximum number of IJs penetrated into C. punctiferalis larvae at 30°C. Therefore, the optimal temperature for infection and development for all promising EPNs was 30°C.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableRandom survey for naturally occurring entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) from ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.) ecosystem were undertaken from different agro-climatic regions in India. Two hundred and two soil samples were collected from different locations of districts Kozhikode, Wayanad, Kottayam, Idukki (Kerala), Kodagu (Karnataka), Coimbatore (Tamil Nadu), Kolasib (Mizoram), Faizabad (Uttar Pradesh) and Barapani (Meghalaya) for determination of EPN population. Out of 202 soil samples baited out, eight samples were found to be positive to EPNs. Among these strains, three EPNs were from Kozhikode district, three from Idukki district and one each from Wayanad and Faizabad districts. Out of the eight EPNs isolated, three species belong to genus Steinernema; one to Heterorhabditis and four to Oscheius. These EPNs have been identified on the basis of morphometric and morphological characterization. Four hundred and twenty four pseudostems of ginger infested with shoot borer (Conogethes punctiferalis) larvae were collected from the different localities of Kozhikode, Wayanad and Kodagu districts and 112 larvae were found dead. Among dead larvae, only one EPN, namely Oscheius sp. was recorded from the shoot borer larvae. Our survey revealed that, Oscheius spp. and Steinernema spp. widely occur and S. ramanai and O. gingeri reported as news species from the rhizosphere of ginger. These EPNs have great potential for biological control of insect pests of ginger.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableInfectivity of Heterorhabditis indica (NBAII Hi 01) and Steinernema abbasi (NBAII Sa 01) were tested against larvae and pupae of the shoot borer, C. punctiferalis and their multiplica tion in the hosts was assessed. Both species of tested EPNs were found pathogenic against shoot borer larvae and it brought about cent per cent mortality within 72 h. However, H. indica (NBAII Hi 01) was the most virulent isolate against the shoot borer pupae, causing 33% mortality, followed by 17% mortality by S. abbasi (NBAII Sa 01). In case of multiplication of IJs, both EPNs multiplied on the tested insect, but the level of multiplication varied significantly. Maximum number (18,277 IJs/ ca daver) of infective juveniles of S. abbasi (NBAII Sa 01), whereas the lesser number juveniles (5,135 IJs/ cadaver) of H. indica (NBAII Hi 01) multiplied on shoot borer larva. The infectivity of the above EPNs against shoot borer opens up a new hope of utilizing them in insect pest management in ginger.Not Availabl

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Not AvailablePenetration and infectivity of eight native isolates of entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs),Heterorhabditis sp.(IISR-EPN 01); Steinernema sp.(IISR-EPN 02); S. ramanai (IISR-EPN 03); S.carpocapsae (IISR-EPN 06), Oscheius gingeri (IISR-EPN 07) and Oscheius spp. (IISR-EPN 04, 05 and08) were evaluated against larvae of leaf feeder (LF) Lema sp.infesting turmeric. Among the testedEPNs, Steinernema sp.(IISR-EPN 02) and O. gingeri (IISR-EPN 07) were more pathogenic to LFlarva as they brought about 100% mortality to the insect within 48 h post exposure, followed byHeterorhabditis sp.(IISR-EPN 01) and Oscheius sp. (IISR-EPN 08) after 72 h of exposure. S. ramanai(IISR-EPN 03) and Oscheius spp. (IISR-EPN 04 and 05) took 96 and 120 h, respectively, to kill thetest insect. Lema sp. larvawas the most suitable host for multiplication of infective juveniles (IJs)of O. gingeri (IISR-EPN 07), which yielded 11, 480 IJs larva-1, followed by Steinernema sp.(IISR-EPN 02) (8, 658IJs larva-1) and S. carpocapsae (IISR-EPN 06) (6, 810 IJs larva-1), however,Heterorhabditis sp.(IISR-EPN 01) less multiplied. The maximum number of Steinernema sp. (IISR-EPN 02) IJs penetrated into test larva(17.5 IJs larva-1), followed by S. carpocapsae (IISR-EPN 06)(10.2 IJs larva-1) and the fewest (2.8 IJs larva-1) were of Oscheius sp. (IISR-EPN 08). The infectivityof the above EPNs against LF is being reported for the first time which opens up a new hope ofutilizing them in insect pest management in turmeric.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableIn the present study, efficacy of eight native EPNs were tested against cardamom root grub. Among them, Heterorhabditis sp. (IISR-EPN 01) and Oscheius gingeri (IISR-EPN 07) were more pathogenic to root grubs as they caused 100% mortality to the insect within 72 hrs. The suitability of this insect for multiplication of infective juveniles (IJs) of EPNs was also studied. Maximum multiplication of IJs was observed with O. gingeri (IISR-EPN 07). However, Heterorhabditis sp. (IISR-EPN 01) yielded the least number of IJs. LC50 were calculated using four densities viz., 25, 50, 75 and 100 IJs and LT50 was calculated using one nematode density 100 IJs to mortality of root grub at 24, 48, 72 and 96 hrs post inoculation. Probit analysis indicated that, Heterorhabditis sp. (IISR-EPN 01), S. ramanai (IISR-EPN 03) and O. gingeri (IISR-EPN 07) required less number (48 IJs/grub), whereas S. carpocapsae (IISR-EPN 06) required maximum number (84 IJs/grub) to provoke 50% mortality of root grub at 72 hrs post inoculation. Time assay response revealed that, Steinernema sp. (IISR-EPN 02) and O. gingeri (IISR-EPN 07) took less time to kill 50% root grub. The infectivity of Oscheius spp. against cardamom root grub is being reported for the first time which opens up a new vistas in eco-friendly insect pest management in cardamom.Not Availabl