Diagnostic accuracy in rotator cuff tears: clinical tests vs MRI

Background: Till date there is a lack of consensus regarding validity of clinical tests in identifying the rotator cuff injuries and also the predictive value of noninvasive investigations done to confirm such shoulder pathology.Methods: We included 48 patients with shoulder complaints in our study who underwent blinded clinical examination and MRI of shoulder, whose findings were compared with arthroscopic findings and were statistically analyzed.Results: In the study group mean age was 47 years and 71% were males. When compared with arthroscopy, clinical examination for supraspinatus had better sensitivity (90) but low specificity and negative predictive value (NPV) (37.5). MRI evaluation of supraspinatus had specificity of 85 and NPV of 60. Infraspinatus had almost similar statistical values. MRI was found to have better specificity (89.5) in comparison with clinical examination (52.6) in subscapularis evaluation along with higher positive (67 vs. 30) and negative predictive value (94 vs. 90).Conclusions: Clinical examination is good in identifying lesion or tear of supraspinatus and subscapularis but may also have false positives, where usage of noninvasive MRI will reduce these false positive in comparison with gold standard arthroscopy. Although clinical examination is very useful for diagnosis of rotator cuff injuries, MRI could be used to improve specificity and predictive values in patients who are planned for surgical management of rotator cuff injury

Investigation of Effect of Chicken Biodiesel Blended Diesel on Engine Performance

Now a day’s fossil fuels usage has become more, hence the fossil fuels are getting depleted day by day. So in order to overcome this problem we have to go for alternative fuels. Rendered animal fats and restaurant waste oils are appealing feedstock toproduce biodiesel. The price of virgin vegetable oil is about two times more than that of animal fat, but drawbacks of using animalfat as a raw material for biodiesel production is its physical properties which could be eliminated by adding necessary amount ofalcohol, catalyst for a required period of time. Extracted fat is heated to produce chicken biodiesel. Trans esterification of chickenfat is done. KOH is used as catalyst and methanol will increase the reaction. The blending process was carried out with appropriate volume of diesel and chicken biodiesel and kept for 24 hours to observe the formation of layer. The fuel propertieslike flash point, fire point, calorific value, viscosity are found. Test is carried out on single cylinder four stroke engines withdifferent composition like 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% of chicken biodiesel blend with diesel. The fuel properties like flash point, firepoint, calorific value, viscosity are found for chicken biodiesel and for different blend compositions. Variation of brake power,calorific value, kinematic viscosity and density for different blends and specific fuel consumption and brake thermal efficiency forconstant loads are shown with the help of graphs. The biodiesel with 20% blend gives higher value of brake power and brakethermal efficiency compare to diesel and other blends. Result shows chicken biodiesel is an effective biofuel for future