Income Inequality and Consumption Pattern Among BOP Consumers in India

Marketing discipline has evolved through the context of the industrialized or developed world. However, the largest groups of consumers are also the poorest (Bottom of the Pyramid category) and economic inequality is still persisting among BOP consumers. Using the Gini co-efficient, economic inequality was measured with the help of World Bank report. The main aim of this paper is to know about the trends that took place in income inequality and consumption pattern among BOP consumers based on household surveys (from NSSO and World Bank). It shows that income inequality among BOP consumers has been increasing simultaneously with increase in consumption pattern among BOP consumers because income growth would leads to truly middle-class led one with growing of consumer spending from $1.5 trillion to$6 trillion by 2030. Further, income growth lifts 25 million households from poverty and in 2030 among that fewer than 5 per cent of households will be in below poverty

Human Cytomegalovirus glycoprotein UL16 causes intracellular sequestration of NKG2D ligands, protecting against NK cell cytotoxicity.

The activating receptor, NKG2D, is expressed on a variety of immune effector cells and recognizes divergent families of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I-related ligands, including the MIC and ULBP proteins. Infection, stress, or transformation can induce NKG2D ligand expression, resulting in effector cell activation and killing of the ligand-expressing target cell. The human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) membrane glycoprotein, UL16, binds to three of the five known ligands for human NKG2D. UL16 is retained in the endoplasmic reticulum and cis-Golgi apparatus of cells and causes MICB to be similarly retained and stabilized within cells. Coexpression of UL16 markedly reduces cell surface levels of MICB, ULBP1, and ULBP2, and decreases susceptibility to natural killer cell-mediated cytotoxicity. Domain swapping experiments demonstrate that the transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains of UL16 are important for intracellular retention of UL16, whereas the ectodomain of UL16 participates in down-regulation of NKG2D ligands. The intracellular sequestration of NKG2D ligands by UL16 represents a novel HCMV immune evasion mechanism to add to the well-documented viral strategies directed against antigen presentation by classical MHC molecules

EFFECTIVENESS OF LIFE SKILL INTERVENTIONAL PROGRAMME IN ENHANCING LIFE SKILLS OF B.ED NORMAL AND SPECIAL EDUCATION STUDENT TEACHERS

The aim of this study was to enhance the life skill among B.Ed. special education student teachers through life skills interventional programme with particular focus to decision making skill. Decision making helps us to deal constructively with decisions in our lives. Making a decision involves making a commitment; however small, rationally and emotionally.The study was conducted on a sample of 60 B.Ed.special education student teachers to assess the effectiveness of interventional programme on decision making skills. Life skill questionnaire with decision making skill was constructed and standardized.Module on decision making skill was prepared with objectives, activities, story and importance of decision making skill.The study reveals that (1) there is no significant difference between the pretest scores of the control group and experimental group with respect to their decision making skills among B.Ed. special education student teachers; (2) There is significant difference between the posttest scores of the control group and experimental group with respect to their decision making skills among B.Ed. special education student teachers; (3) There is no significant difference between the pretest and posttest scores of control group with respect to their decision making skills among B.Ed. special education student teachers; (4) There is significant difference between the pretest and posttest scores of experimental group with respect to their decision making skills among B.Ed. special education student teachers

1-Methyl-3-(2-methyl­phen­yl)-3a-nitro-1,2,3,3a,4,9b-hexa­hydro­chromeno[4,3-b]pyrrole

The asymmetric unit of the title compound, C19H20N2O3, contains two independent mol­ecules in both of which the pyrrolidine ring adopts an envelope conformation, but with a C atom as the flap in one mol­ecule and the N atom in the other. The pyran ring adopts a half-chair conformation in both mol­ecules. In the crystal, mol­ecules are linked via C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds and C—H⋯π inter­actions

Photon-added coherent states as nonlinear coherent states

The states $|\alpha,m>$, defined as ${a^{\dagger}}^{m}|\alpha>$ up to a normalization constant and $m$ is a nonnegative integer, are shown to be the eigenstates of $f(\hat{n},m)\hat{a}$ where $f(\hat{n},m)$ is a nonlinear function of the number operator $\hat{n}$. The explicit form of $f(\hat{n},m)$ is constructed. The eigenstates of this operator for negative values of $m$ are introduced. The properties of these states are discussed and compared with those of the state $|\alpha,m >$.Comment: Rev Tex file with two figures as postscript files attached. Email: [email protected]

Mamdani-Fuzzy Modeling Approach for Quality Prediction of Non-Linear Laser Lathing Process

Lathing is a process to fashioning stock materials into desired cylindrical shapes which usually performed by traditional lathe machine. But, the recent rapid advancements in engineering materials and precision demand gives a great challenge to the traditional method. The main drawback of conventional lathe is its mechanical contact which brings to the undesirable tool wear, heat affected zone, finishing, and dimensional accuracy especially taper quality in machining of stock with high length to diameter ratio. Therefore, a novel approach has been devised to investigate in transforming a 2D flatbed CO2 laser cutting machine into 3D laser lathing capability as an alternative solution. Three significant design parameters were selected for this experiment, namely cutting speed, spinning speed, and depth of cut. Total of 24 experiments were performed with eight (8) sequential runs where they were then replicated three (3) times. The experimental results were then used to establish Mamdani - Fuzzy predictive model where it yields the accuracy of more than 95%. Thus, the proposed Mamdani-Fuzzy modeling approach is found very much suitable and practical for quality prediction of non-linear laser lathing process for cylindrical stocks of 10mm diameter

Sparrow Search Algorithm based BGRNN Model for Animal Healthcare Monitoring in Smart IoT

Rural regions rely heavily on agriculture for their economic survival. Therefore, it is crucial for farmers to implement effective and technical solutions to raise production, lessen the impact of issues associated to animal husbandry, and improve agricultural yields. Because of technological developments in computers and data storage, huge volumes of information are now available. The difficulty of extracting useful information from this mountain of data has prompted the development of novel approaches and tools, such as data mining, that can help close the informational gap. To evaluate data mining methods and put them to use in the Animal database to create meaningful connections was the goal of the suggested system. The study's primary objective was to develop an IoT-based Integrated Animal Health Care System. Various sensors were used as the research tool to collect physical and environmental data on the animals and their habitats. Temperature, heart rate, and air quality readings were the types of information collected. This research contributes to the field of health monitoring by introducing an Optimised Bidirectional Gated Recurrent Neural Network approach. The BiGRNN is an improved form of the Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU) in which input is sent both forward and backward through a network and the resulting outputs are connected to the same output layer. Since the BiGRNN method employs a number of hyper-parameters, it is optimised by means of the Sparrow Search Algorithm (SSA). The originality of the study is demonstrated by the development of an SSA technique for hyperparameter optimisation of the BiGRNN, with a focus on health forecasting. Hyperparameters like momentum, learning rate, and weight decay may all be adjusted with the SSA method. In conclusion, the results demonstrate that the suggested tactic is more effective than the current methods

Analysis of voluntary reported adverse drug reactions in a tertiary care hospital

Background: Adverse drug reactions are the major cause for increased hospital stay and it increases the economic burden of the patients. Reporting of ADR helps in signal generation and to ensure safe use of a drug. Present study was conducted to analyse the ADR reporting pattern and completeness of the ADR forms. Methods: This was a retrospective study conducted for 6 months in a tertiary care hospital. A total of 330 ADR forms were analysed and completeness of ADR forms were assessed. Results: A total of 330 ADRs were reported. 46% ADRs were reported in 2018, 23% in 2019, 11% in 2020, 8.9% in 2021 and 10.7% in 2022. 177 (53%) were males and 153 (47%) were females. Most occurred reaction was Hyponatremia 22 (6%), followed by Hypokalaemia 18 (5%). Neuropsychiatry cases were 62 (18.78%), Urinary system cases were 45 (13.63%). 122 (88%) patients were taking concomitant drugs whereas only 17 (12%) patients were not taking. Above 80% completeness were seen in 155 (46.96%) forms. Above 70% completeness in 292 (88.68%) forms. Conclusions: ADRs occurrence was high in male compared to female. Most of the ADRs affected Neuropsychiatry followed by Urinary system. Antimicrobials are responsible for majorly reported ADRs followed by cephalosporins (17.6%) and Penicillin (11.76%). Overall completeness of reported ADR form was 80%, 67.87% of forms were not adequately filled with mandatory fields.