35 research outputs found
Photoinduced charge separation in Q1D heterojunction materials: Evidence for electron-hole pair separation in mixed-halide solids
Resonance Raman experiments on doped and photoexcited single crystals of
mixed-halide complexes (=Pt; =Cl,Br) clearly indicate charge
separation: electron polarons preferentially locate on PtBr segments while hole
polarons are trapped within PtCl segments. This polaron selectivity,
potentially very useful for device applications, is demonstrated theoretically
using a discrete, 3/4-filled, two-band, tight-binding, extended Peierls-Hubbard
model. Strong hybridization of the PtCl and PtBr electronic bands is the
driving force for separation.Comment: n LaTeX, figures available by mail from JTG ([email protected]
Gene transfer into hepatocytes using asialoglycoprotein receptor mediated endocytosis of DNA complexed with an artificial tetra-antennary galactose ligand
We have constructed an artificial ligand for the hepatocyte-specific asialoglycoprotein receptor for the purpose of generating a synthetic delivery system for DNA. This ligand has a tetra-antennary structure, containing four terminal galactose residues on a branched carrier peptide. The carbohydrate residues of this glycopeptide were introduced by reductive coupling of lactose to the alpha- and epsilon-amino groups of the two N-terminal lysines on the carrier peptide. The C-terminus of the peptide, containing a cysteine separated from the branched N-terminus by a 10 amino acid spacer sequence, was used for conjugation to 3-(2-pyridyldithio)propionate-modified polylysine via disulfide bond formation. Complexes containing plasmid DNA bound to these galactose-polylysine conjugates have been used for asialoglycoprotein receptor-mediated transfer of a luciferase gene into human (HepG2) and murine (BNL CL.2) hepatocyte cell lines. Gene transfer was strongly promoted when amphipathic peptides with pH-controlled membrane-disruption activity, derived from the N-terminal sequence of influenza virus hemagglutinin HA-2, were also present in these DNA complexes. Thus, we have essentially borrowed the small functional domains of two large proteins, asialoglycoprotein and hemagglutinin, and assembled them into a supramolecular complex to generate an efficient gene-transfer system
Evidence for Modification of the Electronic Density-of-States by Zero-Point Lattice Motion in One-Dimension - Luminescence and Resonance Raman Studies of An Mx Solid
Luminescence spectra, both emission and excitation, and the excitation dependence of the resonance Raman spectra, have been measured for the quasi-one-dimensional charge-density-wave material [Pt(en)2][Pt(en)2Cl2](ClO4)4, en = 1,2-diaminoethane. While the luminescence experiments show the existence of tail states at low temperature in the band gap region, the Raman measurements conclusively demonstrate that this tail does not arise from ordinary static structural disorder. These results can be explained by considering the zero-point motion of the lattice
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Spectroscopic effects of disorder and vibrational localization in mixed-halide metal-halide chain solids
Resonance Raman techniques, together with lattice-dynamics and Peierls-Hubbard modelling, are used to explore the electronic and vibrational dynamics of the quasi-one-dimensional metal-halogen chain solids [Pt(en){sub 2}][R(en){sub 2}X{sub 2}](ClO{sub 4}){sub 4}, (en = C{sub 2}H{sub 8}N{sub 2} and X=Cl, Br), abbreviated ``PLX.`` The mixed-halide materials PtCl{sub 1-x}Br{sub x} and PtCl{sub 1-x}I{sub x} consist of long mixed chains with heterojunctions between segments of the two constituent materials. Thus, in addition to providing mesoscale modulation of the chain electronic states, they serve as prototypes for elucidating the properties to be expected for macroscopic heterojunctions of these highly nonlinear materials. Once a detailed understanding of the various local vibrational modes occurring in these disordered solids is developed, the electronic structure of the chain segments and junctions can be probed by tuning the Raman excitation through their various electronic resonances
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Spectroscopic effects of disorder and vibrational localization in mixed-halide metal-halide chain solids
Resonance Raman techniques, together with lattice-dynamics and Peierls-Hubbard modelling, are used to explore the electronic and vibrational dynamics of the quasi-one-dimensional metal-halogen chain solids [Pt(en)[sub 2]][R(en)[sub 2]X[sub 2]](ClO[sub 4])[sub 4], (en = C[sub 2]H[sub 8]N[sub 2] and X=Cl, Br), abbreviated PLX.'' The mixed-halide materials PtCl[sub 1-x]Br[sub x] and PtCl[sub 1-x]I[sub x] consist of long mixed chains with heterojunctions between segments of the two constituent materials. Thus, in addition to providing mesoscale modulation of the chain electronic states, they serve as prototypes for elucidating the properties to be expected for macroscopic heterojunctions of these highly nonlinear materials. Once a detailed understanding of the various local vibrational modes occurring in these disordered solids is developed, the electronic structure of the chain segments and junctions can be probed by tuning the Raman excitation through their various electronic resonances
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and the dopamine D4 receptor gene: evidence of association but no linkage in a UK sample
Recent studies report association and linkage between attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and the 7-repeat allele of a 48 base-pair repeat in the dopamine D4 receptor gene (DRD4).1 We examined the frequency of this allele in a sample of probands with DSM-IV ADHD using a case-control design, as well as the transmission disequilibrium test (TDT) and haplotype-based haplotype relative risk (HHRR) in the subset of probands with DNA available from both parents. One hundred and thirty-two ADHD probands were compared with 189 controls (chi2 = 6.17, 1 df, P = 0.01, OR = 1.73, 95% CI = 1.11-2.71). A total of 85 complete trios were available for within-family tests of association and linkage. Fifty-two heterozygous parents carrying one copy of the 7-repeat were informative for the TDT (29 transmitted vs 23 non-transmitted, chi2 = 0.69). Analysis of the entire sample of 132 probands using TRANSMIT2 provided no additional evidence for excess transmission of the 7-repeat allele (58 transmitted vs 54 non-transmitted). HHRR gave similar results. We conclude that the case-control findings are likely to be falsely positive, resulting from genetic stratification. However we can not rule out alternative explanations of low statistical power and gene-environment correlation