Into the Wild: A Case Study of the Intersection of Archaeology and Federal WIlderness Policy

Cultural resource specialists working with and for Federal land management agencies have voiced their concern about the perception of cultural sites within federally recognized wilderness areas. However, as a whole, professionals working within the discipline of archaeology have remained relatively absent in the debates on wilderness with regards to human occupation in these designated areas. This thesis introduces the concept of wilderness, its history, perceptions, management, laws, and issues relevant to archaeology. It also draws attention to the paucity of archaeological research and the relaxed nature of cultural resource compliance mandates [National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA) Sections 106 and 110] placed on federally recognized wilderness areas. By recognizing and examining these concepts and issues, this thesis intends to call attention to the importance of developing an archaeological subfield within wilderness studies

Prehistory In The Calamity Creek Valley Brewster County, Texas

Th e fi ndings of a May 28–July 2, 1996, summer archaeological fi eld school conducted by the Center for Big Bend Studies, Sul Ross State University, in cooperation with the Texas Parks and Wildlife Department, are reported herein. Th e focus of the fi eld school was on a 335-acre segment of the Calamity Creek valley within Elephant Mountain Wildlife Management Area in Brewster County, Texas. Twelve archaeological sites, 41BS37, 41BS764, 41BS810, 41BS811, 41BS814, 41BS1104, 41BS1480, 41BS1481, 41BS1482, 41BS1483, 41BS1484, and 41BS1485—six of which were previously identifi ed—were instrument-mapped, subjected to controlled surface-collecting, and limited subsurface testing. All excavation was directed towards intrasite cultural features exposed and threatened by sheet erosion and/or cutbank sloughing. Evidence for largely transitory Late Paleoindian through Contact period occupation of the creek valley was recovered. Based on all gathered data, the narrow Calamity Creek basin is likely to have served in prehistory as a resource-rich north-south corridor through which small bands of hunter-gatherers passed at frequent intervals between two major physiographic zones. Artifacts and special samples recovered as a result of this project are curated at Texas Parks and Wildlife facilities in Austin, Texas

Effect of regrouping unfamiliar pigs at weaning on immune function

Pigs weaned at 3 weeks of age and regrouped with unfamiliar individuals had a 4-fold increase in plasma cortisol when compared to pigs that remained in a litter group. However, cellular measures of immune function were not altered by regrouping.; Swine Day, Manhattan, KS, November 10, 198

Effect of feeding streptococcus faecium to artificially reared pigs

Two trials were conducted with a total of 112 artificially reared pigs to evaluate the effect feeding Streptococcus faecium. The areas studied were growth and feed efficiency, mortality rate, daily scour score, blood parameters (total leukocyte numbers and differentials), and in vivo determination of cell-mediated immunity. The results of the trial indicate that there was no significant advantage to feeding Streptococcus faecium to artificially reared pigs.; Swine Day, Manhattan, KS, November 10, 198

Cellular immune responses in artificially reared pigs

An experiment was conducted to determine the influence of artificial rearing on the cellular immune response of young pigs. Artificially reared pigs had lower cellular immune reactivity than sow-reared controls. These results indicate that artificial rearing may result in immunosuppression in young pigs.; Swine Day, Manhattan, KS, November 15, 198

Leukocyte function and health status of calves supplemented with vitamins A and E

Forty-four Holstein calves were fed milk replacers with varied concentrations of vitamins A and E from 3 to 45 d of age to determine their effects on concentrations of plasma vitamin A (retinol and retinyl palmitate) and vitamin E (a- tocopherol), lymphocyte and neutrophil functions, and health of calves. Plasma a-tocopherol was unaffected by increased vitamin A supplementation. Fecal scores, and eye and nose membrane responses were improved with increased vitamin A and lower vitamin E concentration, whereas the same treatment tended to reduce neutrophil cytotoxic and bactericidal activity by 6 wk of age. Increased supplemental vitamin E tended to enhance neutrophil functions. However, age appeared to have an effect on response to both vitamins

Imaging Active Infection in vivo Using D-Amino Acid Derived PET Radiotracers.

Occult bacterial infections represent a worldwide health problem. Differentiating active bacterial infection from sterile inflammation can be difficult using current imaging tools. Present clinically viable methodologies either detect morphologic changes (CT/ MR), recruitment of immune cells (111In-WBC SPECT), or enhanced glycolytic flux seen in inflammatory cells (18F-FDG PET). However, these strategies are often inadequate to detect bacterial infection and are not specific for living bacteria. Recent approaches have taken advantage of key metabolic differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms, allowing easier distinction between bacteria and their host. In this report, we exploited one key difference, bacterial cell wall biosynthesis, to detect living bacteria using a positron-labeled D-amino acid. After screening several 14C D-amino acids for their incorporation into E. coli in culture, we identified D-methionine as a probe with outstanding radiopharmaceutical potential. Based on an analogous procedure to that used for L-[methyl-11C]methionine ([11C] L-Met), we developed an enhanced asymmetric synthesis of D-[methyl-11C]methionine ([11C] D-Met), and showed that it can rapidly and selectively differentiate both E. coli and S. aureus infections from sterile inflammation in vivo. We believe that the ease of [11C] D-Met radiosynthesis, coupled with its rapid and specific in vivo bacterial accumulation, make it an attractive radiotracer for infection imaging in clinical practice