Are carbon clusters the cause of interstellar diffuse bands?

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Are carbon clusters the cause of interstellar diffuse BANDS ? (CP)

This article does not have an abstract

What we think we know and what we want to know: perspectives on trust in news in a changing world

This report summarises some of what is known and unknown about trust in news, what is contributing to changing attitudes about news worldwide, and how media organisations are responding to increased digital competition. The report combines an extensive review of existing research on the subject along with findings from 82 in-depth interviews with journalists and other practitioners across Brazil, India, the United Kingdom, and the United States – four countries with varying media and political systems. The report argues that there is no single ‘trust in news’ problem but rather multiple challenges involving both the supply of news and the public’s demand for information. Empirical evidence about what works, with whom, and under what circumstances, remains lacking, especially around the role played by platform companies. The report emphasises the need to grapple with trade-offs. Some efforts to regain or retain trust in accurate and reliable news are likely to alienate some audiences over others

“It’s a battle you are never going to win”: perspectives from journalists in four countries on how digital media platforms undermine trust in news

The growing prominence of platforms in news consumption has raised scholarly concerns about potential impacts on trust in news, which has declined in many countries. However, less is known about how journalists themselves perceive this relationship, which matters for understanding how they use these technologies. In this paper, we draw on 85 interviews with news workers from four countries in both the Global North and South to examine journalists’ narratives—as metajournalistic discourse—about how platforms impact trust in news. We find that practitioners across all environments express mostly critical ideas about platforms vis-à-vis trust on two different levels. First, they describ platforms as disruptive to journalistic practices in ways that strain traditional norms on which trust is based. Second, they discuss platforms as altering the contexts in which journalistic texts and discourses about journalism circulate, weakening the profession’s authority. Despite these reservations, most continue relying on platforms to reach audiences, highlighting the complex choices they must make in an increasingly platform-dominated media environment. As discourses connecting journalistic practice and meaning, these narratives speak to tensions within journalism as a profession around appropriate norms and practices, and challenges to the profession’s claims to authority

Depth and breadth: How news organisations navigate trade-offs around building trust in news

This report summarises major challenges news organisations face around building and sustaining trust with the public, focusing on four countries with varying media and political systems (Brazil, India, the United Kingdom, and the United States). The analysis draws on nine roundtable conversations held virtually in 2021 with 54 senior newsroom leaders and argues that one of the key questions news outlets face is around whether to build trust broadly with the public or instead to focus on deepening trust with audiences already predisposed to trust them. News organisations evaluated this question differently depending on their mission and business models, with many viewing trust as a means to an end including membership or subscription revenue. While this makes sense for individual outlets given the pressures and incentives they face, the report highlights the potential problem it poses for journalism generally as those who are most disengaged from news get excluded from trust-building initiatives

Snap judgements: how audiences who lack trust in news navigate information on digital platforms

This report examines how audiences lacking trust in most news organisations make sense of news they encounter while navigating platforms, specifically Facebook, Google, and WhatsApp. Based on interviews with people in Brazil, India, United Kingdom, and United States, we find that they encounter limited news, and when they do, they often rely on mental shortcuts to determine what they can trust. More specifically, we find they often form snap judgments based on (1) pre-existing ideas about news in general or specific brands, (2) social cues from family and friends, (3) the tone and wording of headlines, (4) the use of visuals, (5) the presence of advertising, and (6) platform-specific cues. While some of these cues may be beyond the scope of what news organisations have influence over – putting the onus on platforms – others are within the scope of publishers' control but require them to be more attuned to how their content is exhibited in these spaces

Overcoming indifference: what attitudes towards news tell us about building trust

This report details findings from an original survey of news audiences in Brazil, India, the United Kingdom, and the United States. It examines attitudes towards media in each country, ideas about how journalists conduct themselves, and views about which sources of information can be trusted online and offline. The report focuses especially on people with minimal trust and finds some patterns across countries: the least trusting are not necessarily the most vocal critics who are often selectively trusting towards particular providers. Instead, the untrusting tend to be the least knowledgeable about journalism, most disengaged from how it is practised, and least interested in the editorial choices publishers make daily when producing the news. The primary challenge news media and journalists face from this part of the public is not hostility, but indifference. Earning their trust calls for a different approach than that required for other segments of the public

Formation of doubly charged Co<SUP>2+</SUP> ions: a combined experimental and theoretical study

The formation of doubly charged molecular ions of carbon monoxide is studied by means of ion translational energy spectrometry of products resulting from electron loss collisions of CO<SUP>+</SUP> and He and double electron capture collisions of H<SUP>+</SUP> and CO. Theoretical calculations of potential energy functions of several low-lying states of CO<SUP>2+</SUP> have been carried out using a high level, all-electron ab initio technique using large Gaussian basis sets. Vertical double ionisation energies of CO are measured to be 40.21+or-0.35 eV and 39.45+or-0.20 eV. The former value pertains to a metastable CO<SUP>2+</SUP> state whereas the latter is ascribed to a dissociative state. The energy difference of 0.76 eV is a measure of the splitting between the lowest <SUP>3</SUP> Pi and <SUP>1</SUP> Pi states

Listening to what trust in news means to users: qualitative evidence from four countries

This report details findings from an inductive, qualitative study of news audiences across four countries, examining varying ways people define the construct of trust in news, how they differentiate between sources, and the role played by digital platforms in how news outlets get evaluated in daily life. Drawing on both focus group discussions and one-on-one in-depth interviews with 132 individuals in Brazil, India, the United Kingdom, and the United States, the report argues that many people focus surprisingly little on the specific journalistic practices employed by news organisations when assessing trustworthiness. Instead, many news consumers fall back on shortcuts involving impressions of brands&#x2019; reputations and stylistic differences in the way news gets presented. For those lacking strong trusting relationships to particular news outlets, the experience of navigating information online often reinforced tendencies toward generalised scepticism toward all news&#x2014;making it that much more challenging for news organizations to build trust with digital audiences

The trust gap: how and why news on digital platforms is viewed more sceptically versus news in general

In this report, we examine the relationship between trust in news and how people think about news on digital platforms, drawing on an original survey collected in the summer of 2022 in Brazil, India, the United Kingdom, and the United States. We find a ‘trust gap’ between how much people in all four countries trust information in the news media in general and news found on platforms, which they are more sceptical toward. At the same time, people have mainly positive feelings toward the platforms themselves. These differences are explained by reasons people express to use platforms, which are often about solving daily tasks or connecting with others, and less about news and information. Our results indicate that the challenge for news organisations may be less about an erosion of trust due to their being seen on platforms and more about being seen at all in these spaces