Meer talen, beter communiceren. Een onderzoek naar informatieverspreiding over meertaligheid

Dit rapport doet verslag van een onderzoek naar de communicatiemiddelen en –kanalen die ingezet zijn en mogelijk nog ingezet kunnen worden om leerkrachten en anderstalige ouders in de stad Groningen te informeren over meertaligheid. Op deze manier kan er een overzicht worden verkregen van wie er informatie geeft over meertaligheid en op welke manier. Het uiteindelijke doel van het onderzoek is een gefundeerd advies te geven over hoe de informatievoorziening over meertaligheid aan ouders en leerkrachten verbeterd kan worden

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and future alcohol outcomes: Examining the roles of coping and enhancement drinking motives among young men.

Although there is evidence that Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) symptoms are positively related to alcohol use and related problems among young adults, little research has examined the mechanisms that might explain this association. In response, this study examined the mediating effects of coping and enhancement drinking motives on the prospective associations between ADHD symptoms and alcohol outcomes. Participants (N = 4,536) were young men from the Cohort Study on Substance Use Risk Factors. Measures of ADHD symptoms and those of drinking motives, heavy episodic drinking (HED) and alcohol use disorder symptoms were used from the baseline and 15-month follow-up assessments. Findings indicated that the associations of ADHD-inattention symptoms with alcohol use disorder (AUD) symptoms and with HED were partially and completely mediated through drinking motives, respectively, whereas drinking motives did not mediate the ADHD-hyperactivity/impulsivity-symptoms-alcohol outcomes associations. Results indicated that coping and enhancement motives partially explained the ADHD-inattention symptoms-subsequent alcohol outcomes association. These findings suggest that interventions targeting enhancement and coping motives may help prevent problematic drinking among young men with elevated ADHD-inattention symptoms

Latent profiles of family background, personality and mental health factors and their association with behavioural addictions and substance use disorders in young Swiss men.

Recent theories suggest that behavioural addictions and substance use disorders may be the result of the same underlying vulnerability. The present study investigates profiles of family background, personality and mental health factors and their associations with seven behavioural addictions (to the internet, gaming, smartphones, internet sex, gambling, exercise and work) and three substance use disorder scales (for alcohol, cannabis and tobacco). The sample consisted of 5287 young Swiss men (mean age = 25.42) from the Cohort Study on Substance Use Risk Factors (C-SURF). A latent profile analysis was performed on family background, personality and mental health factors. The derived profiles were compared with regards to means and prevalence rates of the behavioural addiction and substance use disorder scales. Seven latent profiles were identified, ranging from profiles with a positive family background, favourable personality patterns and low values on mental health scales to profiles with a negative family background, unfavourable personality pattern and high values on mental health scales. Addiction scale means, corresponding prevalence rates and the number of concurrent addictions were highest in profiles with high values on mental health scales and a personality pattern dominated by neuroticism. Overall, behavioural addictions and substance use disorders showed similar patterns across latent profiles. Patterns of family background, personality and mental health factors were associated with different levels of vulnerability to addictions. Behavioural addictions and substance use disorders may thus be the result of the same underlying vulnerabilities

Discrete complex analysis on planar quad-graphs

We develop a linear theory of discrete complex analysis on general quad-graphs, continuing and extending previous work of Duffin, Mercat, Kenyon, Chelkak and Smirnov on discrete complex analysis on rhombic quad-graphs. Our approach based on the medial graph yields more instructive proofs of discrete analogs of several classical theorems and even new results. We provide discrete counterparts of fundamental concepts in complex analysis such as holomorphic functions, derivatives, the Laplacian, and exterior calculus. Also, we discuss discrete versions of important basic theorems such as Green's identities and Cauchy's integral formulae. For the first time, we discretize Green's first identity and Cauchy's integral formula for the derivative of a holomorphic function. In this paper, we focus on planar quad-graphs, but we would like to mention that many notions and theorems can be adapted to discrete Riemann surfaces in a straightforward way. In the case of planar parallelogram-graphs with bounded interior angles and bounded ratio of side lengths, we construct a discrete Green's function and discrete Cauchy's kernels with asymptotics comparable to the smooth case. Further restricting to the integer lattice of a two-dimensional skew coordinate system yields appropriate discrete Cauchy's integral formulae for higher order derivatives.Comment: 49 pages, 8 figure

Processing methods for photoacoustic Doppler flowmetry with a clinical ultrasound scanner

Photoacoustic flowmetry (PAF) based on time-domain cross correlation of photoacoustic signals is a promising technique for deep tissue measurement of blood flow velocity. Signal processing has previously been developed for single element transducers. Here, the processing methods for acoustic resolution PAF using a clinical ultrasound transducer array are developed and validated using a 64-element transducer array with a -6 dB detection band of 11 to 17 MHz. Measurements were performed on a flow phantom consisting of a tube (580  μm inner diameter) perfused with human blood flowing at physiological speeds ranging from 3 to 25  mm  /  s. The processing pipeline comprised: image reconstruction, filtering, displacement detection, and masking. High-pass filtering and background subtraction were found to be key preprocessing steps to enable accurate flow velocity estimates, which were calculated using a cross-correlation based method. In addition, the regions of interest in the calculated velocity maps were defined using a masking approach based on the amplitude of the cross-correlation functions. These developments enabled blood flow measurements using a transducer array, bringing PAF one step closer to clinical applicability

Non-medical use of prescription drugs by young men: impact of potentially traumatic events and of social-environmental stressors.

<b>Background</b> : Non-medical use of prescription drugs (NMUPD) is an increasing phenomenon associated with physical and psychological consequences. This study investigated the effects of distinct forms of stress on NMUPD. <b>Methods</b> : Data from 5308 young adult men from the Swiss cohort study on substance use risk factors (C-SURF) were analysed regarding NMUPD of sleeping pills, tranquilizers, opioid analgesics, psychostimulants, and antidepressants. Various forms of stress (discrete, potentially traumatic events, recent and long-lasting social-environmental stressors) during the period preceding the NMUPD assessment were measured. Backward log-binomial regression was performed and risk ratios (RR) were calculated. <b>Results</b> : NMUPD was significantly associated with the cumulative number of potentially traumatic events (e.g. for opioid analgesics, RR = 1.92, <i>p</i>  < .001), with problems within the family (e.g. for sleeping pills, RR = 2.45, <i>p</i>  < .001), and the peer group (e.g. for tranquilizer use, RR = 2.34, <i>p</i>  < .01). Factors describing family functioning in childhood showed very few significant associations. Sexual assault by acquaintances was associated only with use of sleeping pills (RR = 2.91, <i>p</i>  p <.01); physical assault by acquaintances was not associated with NMUPD. Physical (e.g. for psychostimulants, RR = 2.01, <i>p</i>  < .001) or sexual assaults (e.g. for antidepressants, RR = 4.64, <i>p</i>  < .001) perpetrated outside the family context did show associations with several drug categories. <b>Conclusion</b> : NMUPD appears to be more consistently associated with discrete and potentially traumatic events and with recent social-environmental stressors than with long-lasting stressors due to family functioning during childhood and youth. Physical and sexual assaults perpetrated by strangers showed more associations with NMUPD than those perpetrated by a family member

Cigarette and Cannabis Use in Young Swiss Men: Examination of the Bidirectional, Longitudinal Associations Between Frequency of Use and Descriptive Norms.

Although several studies have investigated longitudinal associations between social norms and alcohol use behaviors, less is known about associations between social norms and use of other substances, such as cigarettes and cannabis. The present study aimed to examine the temporal ordering of descriptive norms and cigarette and cannabis use over time. A sample of 5,158 young Swiss men from the Cohort Study on Substance Use Risk Factors (C-SURF) completed baseline and 15-month follow-up questionnaires assessing frequency of use and descriptive norms of cigarette and cannabis use. Bidirectional, longitudinal associations between descriptive norms and cigarette and cannabis use were examined using cross-lagged panel models. Descriptive norms for cigarette use at baseline predicted increased frequency of use at follow-up, whereas the opposite association, from frequency of cigarette use at baseline to descriptive norms at follow-up, was not significant. For cannabis, associations between descriptive norms and frequency of use were reciprocal. Descriptive norms at baseline predicted an increased frequency of cannabis use at follow-up, and frequency of cannabis use at baseline predicted a later increase in descriptive norms. For cigarette use, findings suggest that descriptive norms shape later cigarette use behaviors. For cannabis use, findings suggest that descriptive norms shape cannabis use, but cannabis use also shapes later descriptive norms