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Not AvailableSemi-intensive and intensive aquaculture systems using proteinaceous diets are prone to accumulation of organic wastes, ammonia and reduced sulphur compounds. Presence of toxic metabolic wastes is pre-disposing condition for disease incidences and affects aquaculture productivity. Ammonia, nitrite and hydrogen sulphide are the most toxic metabolites in the aquaculture system, need to be efficiently mitigated. Bioremediation could be one such a method that would efficiently remove the pollutants from aquaculture system Application of microbes involved in nitrification, denitrification, sulphide oxidation etc., could prove vital. Integrated multi-trophic aquaculture (IMTA), microalgae, green water technology etc., are other management practices to mitigate toxic wastes in aquaculture. Influence of abiotic and biotic parameters could be critical in designing and execution of bioremediation.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableHealthy shrimp culture system is always in harmony with the ecology of the pond environment. This can be manipulated by developing a dense heterotrophic bacterial community that takes care of waste generated in the system through in situ bioremediation. Considering the importance to reduce an occurrence of luminous vibriosis in shrimp aquaculture, countless studies have been carried out with an objective to screen anti-vibrio biological agents, which can be used as an alternative to antibiotics. In such studies, microalgae, bacteriophage, and probiotic bacteria have been found to have potential benefits in reducing vibriosis. Eco-based shrimp farming, green water technology, bio-floc technology, phage therapy, and integrated multi-trophic aquaculture (IMTA), since their inception, hold a promising alternative to antibiotics in the near future. This article seeks to secure all the available information on different biological agents, their involvement in lowering Vibrio load, and strategies to control Vibrio infection in shrimp aquaculture.Not Availabl

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Shrimp is the most valued fish traded internationally, the USA, EU, and Japan being the major countries importing shrimp from Asian countries and Ecuador. Import rejections due to quality issues lead to substantial economic loss. Year-on-year change fails to capture the nature of rejection. Unit rejection rate (URR), relative rejection rate (RRR), the trend in shrimp exports, and causes of rejection in the USA, EU, and Japan during 2002–2017 were analysed. India (151,000 t), Ecuador (95,457 t), and Vietnam (35,225 t) are the major exporter to the USA, EU, and Japan (2017). Transitional probability revealed India, China, and Thailand retained major part of their share in the USA and Japan markets. In EU market, India gained entire share of Indonesia and 93% of Bangladesh share and Vietnam retained major portion (97%) of its share. Number of consignments rejected was variable but declined of late. Indian shrimp exports were stable at US and EU markets with index of 6.90% and 7.48% for exports and 11.89% and 12.14% for rejections, respectively. URR of Indian shrimp exports declined and were 0.015, 0.03, and 0.02 for USA, EU, and Japan, with higher RRR for imports from Vietnam at EU and Japan. Box-Jenkins analysis revealed Indian shrimp rejections at the USA was higher than EU and Japan. Microbiological causes dominated the rejections by USA. Chemical was the major cause for rejections at EU and Japan. Results suggest significant improvement in the quality compliance of Indian shrimp exports. The studyalso used panel data analysis to assess the determinants of shrimp exports to the major importersNot Availabl

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Not AvailableHealthy shrimp culture system is always in harmony with the ecology of the pond environment. This can be manipulated by developing a dense heterotrophic bacterial community that takes care of waste generated in the system through in situ bioremediation. Considering the importance to reduce an occurrence of luminous vibriosis in shrimp aquaculture, countless studies have been carried out with an objective to screen anti-vibrio biological agents, which can be used as an alternative to antibiotics. In such studies, microalgae, bacteriophage, and probiotic bacteria have been found to have potential benefits in reducing vibriosis. Eco-based shrimp farming, green water technology, bio-floc technology, phage therapy, and integrated multi-trophic aquaculture (IMTA), since their inception, hold a promising alternative to antibiotics in the near future. This article seeks to secure all the available information on different biological agents, their involvement in lowering Vibrio load, and strategies to control Vibrio infection in shrimp aquaculture.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableTo evaluate the efficiency of different microalgae in larval rearing of Indian white shrimp, Penaeus indicus, three different microalgae: Tetraselmis sp., Chaetoceros gra-cilis and Thalassiosira weissflogii were fed to the shrimp larvae either individually or in combination of two (1:1). The experiment showed that the survival, growth and stage conversion rate were significantly (p < 0.05) higher in combination of T. weiss-flogii: Tetraselmis sp. followed by T. weissflogii: C. gracilis. Further, significantly faster conversion rate was found in the treatment fed with combination diet (T. weissflogii: Tetraselmis and T. weissflogii: C. gracilis). The growth kinetics of three algae revealed that T. weissflogii had better growth potential than other two algae. The nutrient profiles of three microalgae also underline the nutritional superiority of T. weissflogiiin terms of lipid, protein and essential fatty acids (EFA) over the others. Moreover, T. weissflogii showed better antimicrobial properties compared to other algae.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableTo evaluate the efficiency of different microalgae in larval rearing of Indian white shrimp, Penaeus indicus, three different microalgae: Tetraselmis sp., Chaetoceros gracilis and Thalassiosira weissflogii were fed to the shrimp larvae either individually or in combination of two (1:1). The experiment showed that the survival, growth and stage conversion rate were significantly (p <  0.05) higher in combination of T. weissflogii: Tetraselmis sp. followed by T. weissflogii: C. gracilis. Further, significantly faster conversion rate was found in the treatment fed with combination diet (T. weissflogii: Tetraselmis and T. weissflogii: C. gracilis). The growth kinetics of three algae revealed that T. weissflogii had better growth potential than other two algae. The nutrient profiles of three microalgae also underline the nutritional superiority of T. weissflogii in terms of lipid, protein and essential fatty acids (EFA) over the others. Moreover, T. weissflogii showed better antimicrobial properties compared to other algae.Not AvailableICA

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Not AvailableAquaculture disease management has been one of the primary focuses of improved production and profitability. Oxytetracycline (OTC) is a broad-spectrum antibiotic approved for therapeutic applications in aquaculture. Though maximum residue levels, safety and withdrawal period is established for finfish and tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon), similar information is scanty on Pacific whiteleg shrimp, Penaeus vannamei, farmed under the tropical climates of South Asia. In this study, P. vannamei was administered with OTC for 14 days at different doses, 2.25, 4.5, 9.0, 18.0 g kg−1. OTC administration at 4.5 g kg−1 feed dose or less caused no significant impact on the growth or survival of the shrimp during the study period. The residual concentration in shrimp muscle declined below 0.1 ppm in 96 h post-treatment and was undetected at 120 h post-treatment. There were no significant histological changes in hepatopancreas, antennal gland and hematopoietic tissue at the therapeutic dose (4.5 g kg−1 feed), while dose-dependent toxic changes were observed in the lymphoid organ. Therapeutic dose of OTC administration did not influence the relative expression of crustin, penaeidin, lysozyme, pro-phenol oxidase and superoxide dismutase. Dose-dependent reduction in gut microbial diversity was observed as revealed by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE). In all the treatments, however, the microbial diversity was restored 14 days post-cessation of OTC administration. The observed 50% inhibition of phytoplankton Arthrospira platensis and Chlorella vulgaris (68.17 and 78.18 mg L−1 OTC, respectively) and 50% immobilisation of copepods and rotifers (173.89 and 257.16 mg L−1 OTC, respectively) was significantly higher than the therapeutic dose. Oxygen consumption, ammonia excretion, feeding rate and ingestion rate of copepod was significantly reduced at and above 187.5 mg L−1 OTC, while rotifers showed no impact of OTC up to 750 mg L−1, which is higher than the recommended therapeutic dose. The study has indicated that 96 h of withdrawal period may be required for safe use of OTC at 4.5 g kg−1 feed for 14 days in Indian P. vannamei farming.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableParasitic infestations and their control programmes are one among the challenges to be considered the most significant in aquaculture. A parasitic infestation was studied elaborately in Asian Seabass, Lates calcarifer juveniles with clinical signs, post-mortem findings, morphological and molecular identifications. In addition, those fish were also treated with emamectin benzoate (EMB) @ 50 μg kg−1 of fish body weight (BW) d−1 for 10 consecutive days under the controlled wet lab facility by feeding through the medicated feed at 4% BW. Results showed that the parasitic prevalence, parasitic intensity (PI) and mortality were 45.5%, 8.17 ± 0.15 per fish and 40% over a period of one week in that existing cage culture. The parasite was identified as a crustacean bloodsucker, anchor worm Lernaea sp. and EMB was found to be 100% effective with significant reduction in PI over a period of 10 days with improved survival rate of 90% against the untreated group. Infested but treated group revealed substantial haematological improvement in parameters such as RBC, WBC, Hb, PCV, large lymphocytes, small lymphocytes and total lymphocytes (P < 0.01). Similarly, comparative histopathology of vital organs also revealed no discernible lesions between the healthy and treated fish juvenile as compared to that of infested untreated group. Hence, EMB can be used to control the Lernaea sp. infestation in Asian Seabass.ICA

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Not AvailableVibriosis is one of the major diseases of concern to the aquaculture.1 Several Vibrio spp. of harveyi clade such as Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Vibrio alginolyticus, Vibrio harveyi, Vibrio owensii, and Vibrio campbellii infect farmed aquatic animals.2 They affect both fish and shrimp in marine environment and brackishwater aquaculture. Vibrio harveyi infections result in 80% to 100% mortality during the early larval stages and inflict huge economic losses to shrimp hatcheries.3 Vibrio parahaemolyticus is another opportunistic pathogen, which devastated the shrimp aquaculture sector in Southeast Asia in recent years by causing acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND), also called as early mortality syndrome (EMS).4 Due to the outbreak of AHPND, Thailand lost about 7% of production in 2012, Vietnam experienced USD7.2 million losses and Mexico lost USD118 million.5 Diagnosis of vibrios is done by phenotypic or polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests for identification of these bacteria at species level. Accurate identification of species is difficult with the conventional phenotypic methods. Often, the 16s rRNA sequencing also fail to correctly identify Vibrio species. In such a scenario, application of bioinformatics tools can aid in differenti-ating these pathogenic strains.6 Vibrios are Gram-negative bacteria in the family Vibrionaceae under the phylum Gammaproteobacteria and are found abundantly in marine environments.7 Genome of vibrios contains 2 chromosomes, of which chromosome 1 is longer than chromosome 2 and is about two-thirds of total genome regarding its length. The longer chromosome carries housekeeping genes, while the smaller one has accessory genes.8,9 The GenBank (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/) consists of 88 complete genomes of vibrio species as on April 2019. Recent advances in next-generation sequencing made it possible to study the phylogenetic relations of targeted organisms more accurately at genome level using in silico approaches. Several whole genomes of Vibrio spp. sequenced from different laboratories located around the globe were deposited at GenBank and made readily available for reanalysis studies. Present study aims at finding appropriate methods for differentiating and finding evolutionary distances of Vibrio spp. that are more commonly found in brackishwater ecosystem with the available complete genomes and modern bioinformatics tools.Not Availabl