Authentication of Two Bio-Active Fish Oils by Qualitative Lipid Profiling Using Semi-Targeted Approach: An Exploratory Study

Abstract Background: Fish oils, which are rich in health-promoting polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), have emerged as promising functional foods in the global health and wellness food market. Their source regarding the fish type, season, and location of harvesting might influence the nutritional value of such bioactive oils and determine their market price. The differences in price among such oils often lead to economically motivated mislabeling and adulteration. Objective: In this study, our objective was to demonstrate how a qualitative targeted shotgun lipid profile workflow using an electrospray ionization–quadrupole-linear ion trap MS (QTrap) could differentiate fish oils originating from two different species. Methods: Five samples each of sardine (Sardinella longiceps) oil and shark (Echinorhinus brucus) liver oil were diluted to a concentration of 80 µg/mL in chloroform–methanol (1 + 2, v/v) with 5 mM ammonium acetate. These samples were directly infused into a QTrap MS. The data were acquired for 23 precursor ion and 4 neutral loss scan experiments in the positive ionization mode and compared. Results: We identified the following major lipid classes: cholesteryl ester, diacyl glycerol, triacylglycerol, monoalkyldiacylglycerol, and phophatydyl choline. The relative peak areas of the identified lipid species, when subjected to supervised multivariate analysis, could effectively distinguish the sardine oil and shark liver oil. Conclusions: The approach will be useful in establishing authenticity of fish oil and to support the regulatory agencies in dispute resolution. It can also be extended to establish authenticity in other agricultural and food commodities. Highlights: This paper reports a proof of concept for authenticating PUFA-rich fish supplements. A shotgun targeted lipidomics profile and chemometrics modeling successfully discriminated sardine oil and shark liver oil.</jats:p

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Not AvailableNutritional database on omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids profile of myctophid fish species from Arabian Sea is relatively scanty. In this study, the omega-3 fatty acids [docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)] profile of four myctophid species of fishes (Benthosema pterotum, Benthosema fibulatum, Diaphus jenseni, Myctophum spinosum) caught from Arabian Sea was compared with commerson’s anchovy (Stolephorus commersonii) to evaluate their nutritional quality for human health benefits. The protein content of myctophid fishes ranged between 19.36% for Myctophum spinosum to 13.74% for Benthosema pterotum. Total fat (3.64%) and moisture content (81.03%) were high in Benthosema pterotum (3.64%). Stolephorus commersonii was found to have higher ash content (3.23%). Myctophid omega-3 PUFA profile is comparable to Commenrson’s anchovy fatty acid composition. Presence of higher DHA content in M. spinosum (20.2%), B. pterotum (17.48%) was comparable to edible S. commersonii (16.9%) emphasizes that these underutilized non-edible myctophids may be considered as a potential nutrient resource of omega3 PUFA especially DHA for the formulation of nutraceuticals, cosmetics and animal feeds.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableBiochemical composition of five marine fish; grey bamboo shark, yellow margin triggerfish, paleedged stingray, laced moray and Japanese leatherjacket fish from the Gulf of Mannar, India were evaluated. Moisture, protein, lipid and ash content for the samples ranged between 75.07-76.74, 17.99-20.97, 1-3.5 and 1.46-1.93% respectively. Profiles of heavy metal, fatty acid and amino acid data were also collected. The predominant fatty acids recorded in all five species were docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), arachidonic acid (AA) and palmitic acid. All five species contain high content of different essential and non-essential amino acids namely glutamic acid, aspartic acid, arginine, serine and lysine. Significant amount of iron (13-50 ppm), zinc (2.5-10.5 ppm) and copper (0.18-4.03 ppm) were found in all the fishes. Among heavy metals, cadmium (0.05-0.1 ppm) was detected which is below permissible limit.Not Availabl

Thermal conductivity of high latitude lunar regolith measured by Chandra’s Surface Thermophysical Experiment (ChaSTE) onboard Chandrayaan 3 lander

Abstract The thermal conductivity of the lunar regolith is an essential parameter in studying the thermal behavior of the Moon and in planning future lunar exploration. The Chandra’s Surface Thermophysical Experiment (ChaSTE) aboard Vikram lander of the Indian Moon mission Chandrayaan 3 made the first in situ measurement of thermal conductivity of lunar regolith at southern high latitude using a thermal probe with ten temperature sensors at uneven intervals within 10 cm and a foil-type heater wound around the probe close to the nose tip. The ChaSTE thermal probe was inserted into the lunar regolith by a controlled motorized penetration in 29 hours. Through the two active heating experiments at a depth of 80 mm, the thermal conductivity of the lunar regolith at the Vikram landing site is estimated to be 0.0115 ± 0.0008 and 0.0124 ± 0.0009  W m $$^{-1}$$  K $$^{-1}$$ , respectively. The average packing density of the lunar regolith derived using the penetration motor current is 1940 ± 10 kg m $$^{-3}$$ . An empirical model incorporating the temperature and the packing density value yielded thermal conductivity consistent with the in situ measurement. The value of the thermal conductivity measured by ChaSTE is also corroborated by a numerical model