Stresses in the material with multilayered coating under impulse thermal loading

The two-dimensional model of mechanical behavior of the specimen with multi layered coating is formulated. The parametric analysis was carried out for various types of boundary conditions. Stress intensity depending on time was studied. The influence of impulse parameters on the temperature and stresses was investigated. It was revealed that radiation heat losses reduces the action of external loading

RESPONSE OF LYMPHOID CELLS TO REGULATORY SIGNAL OF INTERLEUKIN 1 AS AN INDEX OF LYMPHOCYTE ACTIVITY

Intensivity of lymphocyte proliferative activity is an important and almost the only indicator of the level of functional activity of these cells, and the immune system in general. The aim of this study was to develop an adequate physiological test to determine the degree of functional activity of lymphoid cells. The choice of IL-1 as an activator of proliferation is justified by the presence of receptors to IL-1 on lymphoid cell membranes, the key role of this cytokine in the initiation of a wide range of biological effects of the immune system to antigen, including participation in intercellular cooperation and distant action on various cells. It was found that the ligand-receptor interaction of IL-1 by type I receptor activates neutral sphingomyelinase, and the sphingomyelin pathway of signal transduction in lymphocytes. The degree of activation of this enzyme depends on the type of stress and correlates with changes of the vector of humoral immune response and proliferative activity of lymphocytes. The level of IL-1 increases, but the activity of neutral sphingomyelinase and lymphoid cell proliferation is significantly reduced after applications of immunosuppressive stress in mice and rats. The change of the degree of lymphocyte proliferation has become a marker of the severity of the pathological process in clinic. A high degree of correlation between the low intensity of peripheral blood lymphocyte proliferation in response to IL-1 action and the unfavorable disease outcome in patients with severe combined trauma and children with purulent meningitis was established. Thus, the degree of lymphocyte proliferation in response to the action of the regulatory signal of IL-1 can be used both for the analysis of the effectiveness of immunomodulators, and as diagnostic and prognostic indicator in clinical practice

IL-2 and regulation of stress hormones and BDNF neurotropic factor levels after experimental traumatic brain injury (TBI)

Experimental traumatic brain  injury  (TBI)   causes  a  stable  stress  response   and  changes   the expression  of various cytokine genes and neurotrophic factors.  The goal of this study was to reveal changes  in the  levels of the  corticosterone and  testosterone hormones and  the  BDNF cytokine in blood  serum,  as well as the expression  of the BDNF gene in hypothalamus in order  to determine the opportunity of correcting the TBI damage  with rIL-2. We used a rat model  of “dropping load”:  mild TBI was caused  by falling of the 115 g load from the height  of 80 cm,  or 120 cm to produce a moderate-degree trauma. After TBI (immediately, or 72 hours  later), the  rats were injected daily with recombinant human interleukin-2 (Roncoleukin) at a dose of 30 μg/kg, a total  of 3 injections. Control animals  (also with TBI)  received  0.15 M NaCl  injections. Blood serum  concentrations of corticosterone, testosterone, and  BDNF were measured with ELISA  tests.  BDNF gene expression in hypothalamus was measured using RT-PCR. Results: the experiments showed a relationship between  hormone concentrations and severity of head injury. In mild TBI,  blood corticosterone levels reached a peak  2 hours  after the  injury, while in moderate TBI,  the  peak  concentration of corticosterone was lower, being delayed  in time  (after  24 hours). Corticosterone and  testosterone concentrations changed reciprocally in the both groups of injured  animals. With injection of rIL-2 in both groups,  corticosterone and testosterone levels were significantly  increased. On  day 7 after  TBI,  the  BDNF level in blood  serum  was decreased, but it was raised  in experimental group  that  received  rIL-2. On day 7, the increase  of BDNF gene expression  in hypothalamus was more  pronounced, when  rIL-2 was administered at 72 hours  after  the  head  injury.  The revealed  positive  association of BDNF levels and  glucocorticoid hormones after  mild  TBI,  like as possible coordination of these  parameters with rIL-2 injection after experimental moderate TBI  provides  a reason  to assume  that  the favorable  impact of rIL-2 on the CNS  recovery  after TBI is, in part,  mediated by the mutual modulating interaction of BDNF and glucocorticoid hormones

Immunomodulatory and neurotropic activities of synthetic peptides in a model of brain injury in rats

Treatment of consequences of traumatic brain injury (TBI) remains one of the current problems of medicine. To increase the effectiveness of treatment of post-traumatic complications, various drugs are recommended, including the peptide with neuromodulatory activity Semax.The present study aims to determine the presence of neuro- and immunoprotective properties of the synthetic peptide PR5, composed of fragments of proline-rich antimicrobial peptides.The work was performed on male Wistar rats weighing 300-350 g. The “falling weight” model of mechanical brain injury was used, which mainly causes diffuse brain damage. The synthesized peptide PR5, composed of fragments of known proline-rich peptides of animal neutrophils, and the peptide preparation Semax in the form of a 1% aqueous solution were used. The drugs were administered intranasally 1 hour after TBI, then twice a day for 4 days at a dose of 100 mg/kg body weight. Control animals received physiological saline in the same regimen as the peptide preparations.TBI led to a significant decrease in body weight, but in rats receiving the peptide preparation Semax, the decrease in body weight was significantly less than in control animals, and the PR5 preparation completely prevented the decrease in body weight after TBI. After TBI, the proliferative activity of lymphocytes was suppressed and the cytotoxicity of NK cells decreased. In animals treated with peptide preparations, there was no significant suppression of NK cell cytotoxicity, and the proliferative activity of lymphocytes was restored to the level of control animals by day 14 after TBI. Both peptide preparations used contributed to higher locomotor activity, and in animals treated with the PR5 peptide, this type of activity reached the parameters of control animals. The reduction in freezing duration in groups treated with peptide preparations indicates the presence of a sedative effect.The peptide preparation PR5 was active in this series of experiments, showing immunotropic and neuroprotective activity comparable to the Semax preparation. Further studies aimed at confirming the identified types of activity of the peptide preparation PR5 may justify its prospects for clinical use as a new nootropic agent

Разработка и реализация подхода к определению целей в области качества автопроизводителя по результатам гарантийной эксплуатации автомобилей

Approaches based on such quality management principles as “consumer orientation” and “decision making on the basis of factual data” are of particular importance for the development of Russian automotive industry under current conditions. In order to solve key problems concerning quality and product competitiveness it is necessary to take efficient and substantiated management decisions which are based on a detailed analysis of the results in respect of cars warranty period. Such technology contributes to improvement of quality management processes, creation of opportunities for enhancement of customer satisfaction and sustainable development of carmakers. The paper is updating a problem of development and realization of a new approach to define quality objectives for automotive corporations. Historical analysis has been made in respectof changes in cars quality indicators for one of the leading Russian automakers. The paper presents conventional methodology which is used at enterprises to define quality objectives for new cars being under warranty period. A new approach for determination of target indicators for product quality in automotive industry has been proposed on basis of the analysis of the best practice in organizing process to monitor quality of cars in operation. The approach takes into account a number of indicators of key importance in the formation of product competitiveness of automotive corporations. A common platform has been implemented for development and monitoring of quality objectives for cars in operation. The developed platform meets current and prospwctive tendencies. Application of the platform and its elements in the carmakers practice provides opportunities for harmonious improvement of the quality management system and it is aimed at improvement of product competitiveness.В современных условиях развития российского автопрома особую значимость приобретают подходы, базирующиеся на принципах менеджмента качества «ориентация на потребителя» и «принятие решений, основанных на фактах». Для решения ключевых проблем, связанных с качеством и конкурентоспособностью продукции, крайне необходимы эффективные и обоснованные управленческие действия, базирующиеся в первую очередь на детальном анализе результатов гарантийной эксплуатации автомобилей. Такая технология работы способствует улучшению процессов менеджмента качества, созданию возможностей для повышения удовлетворенности потребителей и устойчивому развитию автопроизводителей. В статье актуализируется проблема разработки и реализации нового подхода к назначению целей в области качества продукции автомобильных корпораций. Проведен исторический анализ изменения показателей качества автомобилей одного из ведущих российских автопроизводителей. Рассматривается традиционная, сложившаяся на предприятиях методология определения целей в области качества по новым автомобилям, находящимся в гарантийной эксплуатации. На основе анализа передового опыта в вопросах организации процесса мониторинга качества автомобилей в эксплуатации предлагается новый подход по определению целевых показателей качества продукции автопрома, который учитывает ряд показателей, имеющих ключевое значение в формировании конкурентоспособности продукции автомобильных корпораций. Разработана и реализована современная, отвечающая текущим и перспективным тенденциям общая платформа процесса разработки и мониторинга целей в области качества автомобилей в эксплуатации. Применение платформы и ее элементов в практике автопроизводителей обеспечивает возможности для гармоничного совершенствования системы менеджмента качества и направлено на повышение конкурентоспособности продукции