Interleukins As a Marker of Inflammation in Diabetic Foot Syndrome and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Conclusion: According to our results, IL-12 P70, IL-17 and IL-18 can be used as biomarkers for diabetic foot. Further studies arc needed to show the role of IL-12 P70, IL-17 and IL-18 levels as a biomarker in chronic inflammatory diseases

Inhibition of TLR4/TRIF/IRF3 Signaling Pathway by Curcumin in Breast Cancer Cells

Purpose: Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) is over-expressed in breast tumors and thus contributing to the tumor progression and metastasis. Natural products have drawn attention in cancer immunotherapy due to their various biological activities. Curcumin is well investigated in different types of cancer. However, the mechanisms underlying its anti-inflammatory actions have not been extensively elucidated. For this purpose, we explored the inhibitory effects of curcumin on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced TLR4 dependent TRIF signaling pathway in two subtypes of breast cancer cell lines (MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231) in this study. Methods: In this context, the cytotoxicity of curcumin and LPS alone and the combination of curcumin with LPS on these cells was evaluated by WST-1 assay. The expression level of TLR4 and the release of type I interferon (IFN) levels were determined after treatment with curcumin and/or LPS by RT-PCR and ELISA analysis, respectively. Furthermore, the subcellular localization of TLR4 and interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) were detected by immunofluorescence analysis. Results: Curcumin treatment suppressed breast cancer cells viabilities and the activation of TLR4-mediated TRIF signaling pathway by the downregulation of TLR4 and IRF3 expression levels and the inhibition of type I IFN (IFN-alpha/beta) levels induced by LPS. However, curcumin was more efficient in MDA-MB-231 cells than MCF-7 cells owing to its greater inhibitory efficacy in the LPS-enhanced TLR4 signaling pathway. Furthermore, IFN-alpha/beta levels induced by TLR4 and IRF3 were decreased in these cells following curcumin treatment. Conclusions: Consequently, these results demonstrated that the activation of LPS stimulated TLR4/TRIF/IRF3 signaling pathway was mediated by curcumin in breast cancer cells, in vitro. However, more studies are necessary to examine the curcumin's anti-inflammatory activities on TLR4/MyD88/NF-kappa B as well as other signaling pathways downstream of TLRs in breast cancer