Extracting the Temperature of Hot Carriers in Time- and Angle-Resolved Photoemission

The interaction of light with a material's electronic system creates an out-of-equilibrium (non-thermal) distribution of optically excited electrons. Non-equilibrium dynamics relaxes this distribution on an ultrafast timescale to a hot Fermi-Dirac distribution with a well-defined temperature. The advent of time- and angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (TR-ARPES) experiments has made it possible to track the decay of the temperature of the excited hot electrons in selected states in the Brillouin zone, and to reveal their cooling in unprecedented detail in a variety of emerging materials. It is, however, not a straightforward task to determine the temperature with high accuracy. This is mainly attributable to an a priori unknown position of the Fermi level and the fact that the shape of the Fermi edge can be severely perturbed when the state in question is crossing the Fermi energy. Here, we introduce a method that circumvents these difficulties and accurately extracts both the temperature and the position of the Fermi level for a hot carrier distribution by tracking the occupation statistics of the carriers measured in a TR-ARPES experiment.Comment: 17 pages, 5 figure

Detecting the local transport properties and the dimensionality of transport of epitaxial graphene by a multi-point probe approach

The electronic transport properties of epitaxial monolayer graphene (MLG) and hydrogen-intercalated quasi free-standing bilayer graphene (QFBLG) on SiC(0001) are investigated by micro multi-point probes. Using a probe with 12 contacts, we perform four-point probe measurements with the possibility to effectively vary the contact spacing over more than one order of magnitude, allowing us to establish that the transport is purely two-dimensional. Combined with the carrier density obtained by angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy, we find the room temperature mobility of MLG to be (870+-120)cm2/Vs. The transport in QFBLG is also found to be two-dimensional with a mobility of (1600+-160) cm2/Vs