Competition and parasitism in the native White Clawed Crayfish Austropotamobius pallipes and the invasive Signal Crayfish Pacifastacus leniusculus in the UK

Many crayfish species have been introduced to novel habitats worldwide, often threatening extinction of native species. Here we investigate competitive interactions and parasite infections in the native Austropotamobius pallipes and the invasive Pacifastacus leniusculus from single and mixed species populations in theUK. We found A. pallipes individuals to be significantly smaller in mixed compared to single species populations; conversely P. leniusculus individuals were larger in mixed than in single species populations. Our data provide no support for reproductive interference as a mechanism of competitive displacement and instead suggest competitive exclusion of A. pallipes from refuges by P. leniusculus leading to differential predation. We screened 52 P. leniusculus and 12 A. pallipes for microsporidian infection using PCR. We present the first molecular confirmation of Thelohania contejeani in the native A. pallipes; in addition, we provide the first evidence for T. contejeani in the invasive P. leniusculus. Three novel parasite sequenceswere also isolated fromP. leniusculus with an overall prevalence of microsporidian infection of 38% within this species; we discuss the identity of and the similarity between these three novel sequences. We also screened a subset of fifteen P. leniusculus and three A. pallipes for Aphanomyces astaci, the causative agent of crayfish plague and for the protistan crayfish parasite Psorospermium haeckeli. We found no evidence for infection by either agent in any of the crayfish screened. The high prevalence of microsporidian parasites and occurrence of shared T. contejeani infection lead us to propose that future studies should consider the impact of these parasites on native and invasive host fitness and their potential effects upon the dynamics of native-invader systems

Caring for addicted Clients by Swedish Community Social workers

Abstract The aim of this study was to explore and describe the Swedish social workers' experiences in caring for addicted clients in the middle-sized municipality with a population of about 130,000 inhabitants. Qualitative descriptive study was applied. Purposive sampling was used to recruit the participants. Seven Swedish social workers participated in the study. These participants had extensive experiences and were able to communicate in English. The structured interviews, fi eld notes, and the tape recorder were used during data collection process during February 21 st to March 23 rd 2011. Content analysis was used for data analysis. The results disclose that two themes emerged including ways of encountering and ways of caring. The fi rst theme way of encountering, social workers encourage their drug addicted clients to sustain abstinence by using motivation talk and showing respect for human rights. In another theme, way of caring, social workers applied standardize methods in the caring process and collaboration between the health care and social welfare systems. keywords: social workers, addicted clients, way of care การดู แลผู รั บบริ การที ่ ติ ดยาเสพติ ดโดยนั กสั งคมสงเคราะห ชุ มชนชาวสวี เดน วารสารพยาบาลศาสตร และสุ ขภา

Talking via the child : discursively created interaction between parents and health care professionals in a pediatric oncology ward

The aim of this study was to describe discursively constructed interactions between parents and health care professionals (HCPs) in a pediatric oncology ward. Field notes from 70 focused participant observations and 16 informal interviews with 25 HCPs interacting with 25 parents of children with cancer were analyzed using discursive psychology. Six dominant interpretative repertoires (flexible parts of discourses used in everyday interaction) were found. Repertoires used by the HCPs were child, parent, or family oriented, mirroring the primary focus of the interaction. Parents used a spokesperson repertoire to use their own expertise to talk on behalf of the child; an observer repertoire, in which they kept in the background and interfered only when needed; or a family member repertoire to position themselves on a level equal to the ill child. The results are discussed in relation to philosophies influencing pediatric nursing, such as family-centered nursing and child-centered nursing