28 research outputs found

    Glycogen Synthase Kinase (GSK) 3ÎČ phosphorylates and protects nuclear myosin 1c from proteasome-mediated degradation to activate rDNA transcription in early G1 cells

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    Nuclear myosin 1c (NM1) mediates RNA polymerase I (pol I) transcription activation and cell cycle progression by facilitating PCAF-mediated H3K9 acetylation, but the molecular mechanism by which NM1 is regulated remains unclear. Here, we report that at early G1 the glycogen synthase kinase (GSK) 3ÎČ phosphorylates and stabilizes NM1, allowing for NM1 association with the chromatin. Genomic analysis by ChIP-Seq showed that this mechanism occurs on the rDNA as active GSK3ÎČ selectively occupies the gene. ChIP assays and transmission electron microscopy in GSK3ÎČ-/- mouse embryonic fibroblasts indicated that at G1 rRNA synthesis is suppressed due to decreased H3K9 acetylation leading to a chromatin state incompatible with transcription. We found that GSK3ÎČ directly phosphorylates the endogenous NM1 on a single serine residue (Ser-1020) located within the NM1 C-terminus. In G1 this phosphorylation event stabilizes NM1 and prevents NM1 polyubiquitination by the E3 ligase UBR5 and proteasome-mediated degradation. We conclude that GSK3ÎČ-mediated phosphorylation of NM1 is required for pol I transcription activation

    The epigenetic landscape of renal cancer

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    This is an accepted manuscript of an article published by Nature in Nature Reviews: Nephrology on 28/11/2016, available online: https://doi.org/10.1038/nrneph.2016.168 The accepted version of the publication may differ from the final published version.The majority of kidney cancers are associated with mutations in the von Hippel-Lindau gene and a small proportion are associated with infrequent mutations in other well characterized tumour-suppressor genes. In the past 15 years, efforts to uncover other key genes involved in renal cancer have identified many genes that are dysregulated or silenced via epigenetic mechanisms, mainly through methylation of promoter CpG islands or dysregulation of specific microRNAs. In addition, the advent of next-generation sequencing has led to the identification of several novel genes that are mutated in renal cancer, such as PBRM1, BAP1 and SETD2, which are all involved in histone modification and nucleosome and chromatin remodelling. In this Review, we discuss how altered DNA methylation, microRNA dysregulation and mutations in histone-modifying enzymes disrupt cellular pathways in renal cancers

    Pulmonary retention of actinides after dissolution of PuO

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    This study estimates in terms of amount and localisation the pulmonary retention of dissociated Pu/Am in the rat for the first week following an inhalation exposure to industrial PuO2 aerosols by combining standard biokinetic methods, quantitative analysis of contact autoradiograph obtained from lung section, and treatments by DTPA performed either in vivo or in vitro. The dissociated actinides mainly involved dissolved forms which are homogeneously distributed within lung parenchyma. Most of these chemical forms appears to come from the fraction (fr) of radioelements which seems to dissolve before particles phagocytosis mainly by alveolar macrophages. Early pulmonary administration of dry diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA) powder (+2 hours) decorporates ~90% of these actinide forms, whereas, a delayed treatment (+1 week) is far less efficient. By contrast, a similar extraction (~90%) of the dissolved actinides from lung sections of rat untreated by the chelating agent is measured after their incubation in a DTPA solution for both 2 hours and 7 days post-exposure times. These results can be explained by a gradual internalisation of a fraction of the early dissolved actinides (mainly Am) in alveolar cells, but not preferentially in alveolar macrophages, whereas the remaining fraction of dissolved actinides are transferred to blood. From these observations, a new model is proposed to help for interpretation of human bioassay data obtained after internal contamination and DTPA treatments

    CONCEPTION DES DISPOSITIFS DE FRANCHISSEMENTS POUR LA FAUNE AMPHIDROME (CREVETTES ET POISSONS) DES COURS D'EAU ANTILLAIS : UNE REVUE.

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    La macrofaune des cours d'eau antillais est constituĂ©e principalement d'espĂšces amphidromes de crevettes d'eau douce (Palaemonidae, Atyidae et Xiphocarididae) et de poissons (Gobiidae). Si la croissance et la reproduction de ces espĂšces ont lieu en eau douce, le dĂ©veloppement larvaire nĂ©cessite divers degrĂ©s de salinitĂ©. La construction de prises d'eau (seuils et barrages collinaires) est susceptible de nuire Ă  la fois aux migrations de dĂ©valaison et aux migrations d'avalaison. Les migrations de dĂ©valaison sont entreprises par les larves nouvellement nĂ©es qui sont emportĂ©es vers les estuaires par le courant. Les prises d'eau induisent donc des taux Ă©levĂ©s de mortalitĂ© larvaire par entraĂźnement des larves dans les conduites forcĂ©es. Les migrations d'avalaison sont principalement le fait de juvĂ©niles qui prĂ©sentent un rhĂ©otactisme positif et un potentiel d'escalade des obstacles supĂ©rieurs Ă  ceux des adultes. Les ouvrages de faible hauteur rĂ©alisĂ©s au travers des cours d'eau reprĂ©sentent des obstacles qui sont gĂ©nĂ©ralement franchis par escalade. Certains barrages collinaires rĂ©alisĂ©s aux Antilles ont Ă©tĂ© Ă©quipĂ©s de dispositifs de franchissements. Aucun critĂšre biologique n'a cependant Ă©tĂ© pris en compte pour vĂ©ritablement faciliter les migrations d'avalaison. En outre les migrations de dĂ©valaison par dĂ©rive ont Ă©tĂ© ignorĂ©es. Les exigences d'une libre circulation en relation avec le cycle de vie amphidrome des espĂšces sont ici rappelĂ©es. Les taux Ă©levĂ©s de mortalitĂ© larvaire peuvent ĂȘtre rĂ©duits en Ă©vitant les prĂ©lĂšvements d'eau durant les pics maximums de dĂ©rive qui ont lieu durant les premiĂšres heures aprĂšs la tombĂ©e de la nuit. En cas de prise d'eau en continu des dispositifs lumineux sont susceptibles d'orienter les larves vers les dispositifs dĂ©livrant les dĂ©bits rĂ©servĂ©s ; ces dispositifs limiteraient ainsi l'entraĂźnement des larves dans les conduites forcĂ©es. LimpermĂ©abilitĂ© des barrages vis-Ă -vis des migrations d'avalaison peut disparaĂźtre complĂštement lorsque les ouvrages comportent des dispositifs sommaires de franchissements - de types « cascade » ou « passe en Ă©charpe »

    Modélisation de la décorporation du Pu/am par le dtpa

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    A new tool has been developed to optimize DTPA efficacy as concerns reduction of effective dose after 239Pu wound. For example, the simulations show, for moderately soluble compounds (type M), a 1/3 decrease of effective dose is obtained after repeated early treatment (24 i.v. for 4 months), whereas a decrease by a factor 5 can be reached if treatments continue for 5 years at 2 week interval. By contrast, for poorly soluble compounds (type S), negligible efficacy is observed after early treatments, and a 3 time decrease of dose is obtained for treatments performed at 2 week interval for 50 years. Some of the hypotheses retained for modelling DTPA decorporation are validated from new experimental data published recently, and structure of a new model which can be applied both to Pu and Am is reported, taking into account urinary and faecal excretion, structure being suitable for different doses of DTPA and using various galenic forms. © 2009 EDP Sciences.Un nouvel outil a Ă©tĂ© dĂ©veloppĂ© pour optimiser l’efficacitĂ© des traitements par le DTPA aprĂšs blessure, sur la base d’une rĂ©duction de la dose efficace engagĂ©e. Les simulations montrent, notamment, que pour du 239Pu modĂ©rĂ©ment soluble (type M), des traitements prĂ©coces (24 i.v.) Ă©talĂ©es sur 4 mois permettent une rĂ©duction d’un tiers de la dose, alors que leur prolongement sur 5 ans, avec un intervalle de 2 semaines, peut diminuer la dose d’un facteur 5. En revanche, pour des composĂ©s peu solubles (type S), l’efficacitĂ© des traitements prĂ©coces est nĂ©gligeable et un gain dosimĂ©trique d’un facteur 3 n’est atteint que pour des traitements effectuĂ©s 2 fois par mois durant 50 ans. Certaines des hypothĂšses retenues pour la modĂ©lisation ont Ă©tĂ© validĂ©es par les rĂ©sultats d’expĂ©rimentations animales rĂ©cemment publiĂ©s. Enfin, la structure d’un nouveau modĂšle applicable Ă  la fois au Pu et Ă  l’Am est rapportĂ©e, structure tenant compte de la dĂ©corporation urinaire et fĂ©cale de ces actinides et qui pourrait ĂȘtre adaptĂ© Ă  diffĂ©rentes posologies et formes galĂ©niques de DTPA
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