METODOLOGÍA PARA LA MITIGACIÓN DE RIESGOS EN EL MEJORAMIENTO DE VÍAS TERCIARIAS EN CUNDINAMARCA, COLOMBIA

This paper is based on research conducted in risk management for road-type projects, especially, in the improvement of tertiary roads. It consists of the analysis of the risks applied to these types of projects, as well as the presentation of proposals for mitigation and reduction of the probability of impact and occurrence. Based on this, the risk identification and analysis proposed by the Project Management Institute (PMI) was carried out to develop a manual, which proposes a methodology and a step by step to carry out the proper construction of the rigid pavement reducing the risks latent to its occurrence and the work contingencies in the construction workplace. The manual for risk management in the improvement of tertiary roads was applied in a civil works project in the municipality of Soacha, Cundinamarca. This left positive results, where a high decrease in the impacts of risks established in principle was observed. This was reflected both in the decrease in risks and in the increase in the performance of civil works, as well as in the decrease in unforeseen costs, which makes the utility greater than initially was projected.El presente documento se basa en la investigación realizada en la gestión de riesgos para proyectos de tipo vial, especialmente, en el mejoramiento de vías terciarias. El cual consiste en el análisis de los riesgos aplicados a este tipo de proyectos, así como, en la presentación de propuestas de mitigación y reducción de la probabilidad de impacto y de ocurrencia. Con este fin, se realizó la identificación de riesgos y análisis propuesto por el Project Management Institute (PMI), para elaborar un manual, el cual propone una metodología y un paso a paso para realizar la correcta construcción del pavimento rígido reduciendo los riesgos latentes a su ocurrencia y los imprevistos laborales en la obra de construcción. El manual para la gestión de riesgos en el mejoramiento de vías terciarias fue aplicado en un proyecto de obra civil en el municipio de Soacha, Cundinamarca. Este dejó resultados positivos, en donde se observó una alta disminución en los impactos de los riesgos establecidos en principio. Lo anterior, se vio reflejado tanto en la disminución de los riesgos, como en el aumento del rendimiento de la obra civil, así también, hubo una disminución en costos generados por imprevistos, lo cual hace que la utilidad sea mayor que la proyectada inicialmente

Aprovechamiento de residuos industriales de poliuretano termoestable en la elaboración de paneles para terminados constructivos, a partir de patente brasileña

Visita técnica internacionalPara implementarla en acabados constructivos en Colombia, teniendo en cuenta las normativas Brasileñas y Colombianas aplicadas para la caracterización de los aspectos técnicos que debe cumplir un acabado constructivo, el cual está enfocado a la implementación de materiales reciclables en la construcción actual, aumentando así la construcción sostenible en los terminados Colombiano.INTRODUCCIÓN 1. GENERALIDADES 2. MARCO DE REFERENCIA 3. METODOLOGÍA 4. OBJETIVO 1: IDENTIFICAR LOS EQUIPOS, MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS EMPLEADOS EN LA FABRICACIÓN DE PANELES DE POLIURETANO TERMOESTABLE 5. OBJETIVO 2: ESPECIFICAR LOS ASPECTOS MECÁNICOS Y FÍSICOS DE LA LÁMINA DE POLIURETANO TERMOESTABLE 6. OBJETIVO 3: COMPARAR PROPIEDADES MECÁNICAS Y FÍSICAS ENTRE CUATRO DIFERENTES TIPOS DE PLACAS PARA CIELO RASOS EMPLEADOS COMÚNMENTE EN COLOMBIA, CONTRA LA LÁMINA DE POLIURETANO TERMOESTABLE A PARTIR DE NORMAS TÉCNICAS BRASILERA Y COLOMBIANA 7. ANÁLISIS DE RESULTADOS 8. CONCLUSIONES 9. RECOMENDACIONES BIBLIOGRAFÍA ANEXOSPregradoIngeniero Civi

Plaque-Associated Oligomeric Amyloid-Beta Drives Early Synaptotoxicity in APP/PS1 Mice Hippocampus: Ultrastructural Pathology Analysis

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a devastating neurodegenerative disorder characterized by initial memory impairments that progress to dementia. In this sense, synaptic dysfunction and loss have been established as the pathological features that best correlate with the typical early cognitive decline in this disease. At the histopathological level, post mortem AD brains typically exhibit intraneuronal neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) along with the accumulation of amyloid-beta (Abeta) peptides in the form of extracellular deposits. Specifically, the oligomeric soluble forms of Abeta are considered the most synaptotoxic species. In addition, neuritic plaques are Abeta deposits surrounded by activated microglia and astroglia cells together with abnormal swellings of neuronal processes named dystrophic neurites. These periplaque aberrant neurites are mostly presynaptic elements and represent the first pathological indicator of synaptic dysfunction. In terms of losing synaptic proteins, the hippocampus is one of the brain regions most affected in AD patients. In this work, we report an early decline in spatial memory, along with hippocampal synaptic changes, in an amyloidogenic APP/PS1 transgenic model. Quantitative electron microscopy revealed a spatial synaptotoxic pattern around neuritic plaques with significant loss of periplaque synaptic terminals, showing rising synapse loss close to the border, especially in larger plaques. Moreover, dystrophic presynapses were filled with autophagic vesicles in detriment of the presynaptic vesicular density, probably interfering with synaptic function at very early synaptopathological disease stages. Electron immunogold labeling showed that the periphery of amyloid plaques, and the associated dystrophic neurites, was enriched in Abeta oligomers supporting an extracellular location of the synaptotoxins. Finally, the incubation of primary neurons with soluble fractions derived from 6-month-old APP/PS1 hippocampus induced significant loss of synaptic proteins, but not neuronal death. Indeed, this preclinical transgenic model could serve to investigate therapies targeted at initial stages of synaptic dysfunction relevant to the prodromal and early AD.This study was supported by the Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCiii) of Spain, co-financed by the FEDER funds from European Union, through grants PI18/01557 (to AG) and PI18/01556 (to JV); by the Junta de Andalucia Consejería de Economía y Conocimiento through grants UMA18-FEDERJA-211 (to AG), P18-RT-2233 (to AG), and US-1262734 (to JV) co-financed by Programa Operativo FEDER 2014–2020; by the Spanish Minister of Science and Innovation grant PID2019-108911RA-100 (to DB-V), Beatriz Galindo program BAGAL18/00052 (to DB-V) grant PID2019-107090RA-I00 (to IM-G), and Ramon y Cajal Program RYC-2017-21879 (to IM-G); and by the Malaga University grants B1-2019_07 (to ES-M) and B1-2019_06 (to IM-G). MM-O held a predoctoral contract from Malaga University and ES-M a postdoctoral contract (DOC_00251) from Junta de Andalucia

Monocyte-derived cells invade brain parenchyma and amyloid plaques in human Alzheimer’s disease hippocampus

© The Author(s) 2023. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.Microglia are brain-resident myeloid cells and play a major role in the innate immune responses of the CNS and the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, the contribution of nonparenchymal or brain-infiltrated myeloid cells to disease progression remains to be demonstrated. Here, we show that monocyte-derived cells (MDC) invade brain parenchyma in advanced stages of AD continuum using transcriptional analysis and immunohistochemical characterization in post-mortem human hippocampus. Our findings demonstrated that a high proportion (60%) of demented Braak V–VI individuals was associated with up-regulation of genes rarely expressed by microglial cells and abundant in monocytes, among which stands the membrane-bound scavenger receptor for haptoglobin/hemoglobin complexes or Cd163. These Cd163-positive MDC invaded the hippocampal parenchyma, acquired a microglial-like morphology, and were located in close proximity to blood vessels. Moreover, and most interesting, these invading monocytes infiltrated the nearby amyloid plaques contributing to plaque-associated myeloid cell heterogeneity. However, in aged-matched control individuals with hippocampal amyloid pathology, no signs of MDC brain infiltration or plaque invasion were found. The previously reported microglial degeneration/dysfunction in AD hippocampus could be a key pathological factor inducing MDC recruitment. Our data suggest a clear association between MDC infiltration and endothelial activation which in turn may contribute to damage of the blood brain barrier integrity. The recruitment of monocytes could be a consequence rather than the cause of the severity of the disease. Whether monocyte infiltration is beneficial or detrimental to AD pathology remains to be fully elucidated. These findings open the opportunity to design targeted therapies, not only for microglia but also for the peripheral immune cell population to modulate amyloid pathology and provide a better understanding of the immunological mechanisms underlying the progression of AD.This study was supported by Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCiii) of Spain, co-financed by FEDER funds from European Union, through grants PI18/01556 and PI21/00914 (to JV) and PI18/01557 and PI21/00915 (to AG); by Junta de Andalucia Consejería de Economía y Conocimiento through grants US-1262734 and P20-00843 (to JV), UMA18-FEDERJA-211 (to AG) and PI18-RT-2233 (to AG) co-financed by Programa Operativo FEDER 2014-2020; by Spanish Minister of Science and Innovation grant PID2019-108911RA-100 (to DBV), Beatriz Galindo Program BAGAL18/00052 (to DBV), grant PID2019-107090RA-I00 (to IMG) and Ramon y Cajal Program RYC-2017-21879 (to IMG); and by Malaga University grant B-2019_06 (to ESM).Peer reviewe

Search for pairs of highly collimated photon-jets in pp collisions at s =13 TeV with the ATLAS detector

Results of a search for the pair production of photon-jets - collimated groupings of photons - in the ATLAS detector at the Large Hadron Collider are reported. Highly collimated photon-jets can arise from the decay of new, highly boosted particles that can decay to multiple photons collimated enough to be identified in the electromagnetic calorimeter as a single, photonlike energy cluster. Data from proton-proton collisions at a center-of-mass energy of 13 TeV, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 36.7 fb-1, were collected in 2015 and 2016. Candidate photon-jet pair production events are selected from those containing two reconstructed photons using a set of identification criteria much less stringent than that typically used for the selection of photons, with additional criteria applied to provide improved sensitivity to photon-jets. Narrow excesses in the reconstructed diphoton mass spectra are searched for. The observed mass spectra are consistent with the Standard Model background expectation. The results are interpreted in the context of a model containing a new, high-mass scalar particle with narrow width, X, that decays into pairs of photon-jets via new, light particles, a. Upper limits are placed on the cross section times the product of branching ratios σ×B(X→aa)×B(a→γγ)2 for 200 GeV<mX<2 TeV and for ranges of ma from a lower mass of 100 MeV up to between 2 and 10 GeV, depending upon mX. Upper limits are also placed on σ×B(X→aa)×B(a→3π0)2 for the same range of mX and for ranges of ma from a lower mass of 500 MeV up to between 2 and 10 GeV.Peer Reviewe

A multi-country test of brief reappraisal interventions on emotions during the COVID-19 pandemic.

The COVID-19 pandemic has increased negative emotions and decreased positive emotions globally. Left unchecked, these emotional changes might have a wide array of adverse impacts. To reduce negative emotions and increase positive emotions, we tested the effectiveness of reappraisal, an emotion-regulation strategy that modifies how one thinks about a situation. Participants from 87 countries and regions (n = 21,644) were randomly assigned to one of two brief reappraisal interventions (reconstrual or repurposing) or one of two control conditions (active or passive). Results revealed that both reappraisal interventions (vesus both control conditions) consistently reduced negative emotions and increased positive emotions across different measures. Reconstrual and repurposing interventions had similar effects. Importantly, planned exploratory analyses indicated that reappraisal interventions did not reduce intentions to practice preventive health behaviours. The findings demonstrate the viability of creating scalable, low-cost interventions for use around the world

Risk management methodology for the improvement of tertiary roads by means of a footprint plate

El estado de las vías terciarias, son variables fundamentales para el desarrollo de la población en las veredas más lejanas y recónditas de los diferentes municipios colombianos. En los cuales están en condiciones de movilidad bajas en comparación con otras vías, es por esto que los habitantes de estas zonas tendrán que invertir más dinero con el fin de transportar mercancía que generan en las diferentes veredas, que por lo general son productos agrícolas. La población de las zonas veredales deberá tener vías terciarias en condiciones de alta calidad, las cuales ayudarán con el desarrollo de la región, de manera que los productos producidos en estas zonas, bien sean agrícolas, mineros o producción de algún material, llegarán a las manos de sus clientes de forma más eficiente y económica. Dando consecuencias de este, el aumento de la economía en dichas zonas. Hay proyectos de mejoramiento de vías, que han tenido una variedad de riesgos o problemáticas en la ejecución del proyecto, los cuales muy seguramente no se contemplaron en el desarrollo de la formulación, lo cual produce que las vías no se terminen con el alcance esperado, o con mala calidad causando una baja durabilidad de la obra, que ocasionaría aún más fallas en la eficacia del transporte de las regiones intervenidas por las actividades civiles. Es por lo anterior, que el presente proyecto buscará la disminución y/o erradicación de esos riesgos, que interfieren en la ejecución de la las obras acordes al mejoramiento de vías terciarias a través de placa huella, con el fin de completar con el alcance planificado en la formulación del proyecto e incluso lograr mayor alcance, para que estas obras sean de calidad, durabilidad, cumpla con especificaciones técnicas según el Departamento Nacional de Planeación (DNP) o el Instituto Nacional de Vías (INVIAS) y que pueda satisfacer las necesidades de la población para complementar con el desarrollo de estas veredas. Los riesgos se analizarán por medio de una metodología explicativa, y los datos a recolectar serán de carácter cuantitativos, con el fin de desarrollar probabilidades de ocurrencia y grado de afectación que genera al proyecto, para posteriormente reducirlas mediante estrategias en la ejecución para que el proyecto cumpla con sus especificaciones de todo carácter, principalmente en el costo, el tiempo, el alcance y calidad. En el final del ejercicio, se llevará a cabo si en realidad la Metodología de riesgos realizado cumple con la reducción de dichos riesgos y las comparaciones de mejora al momento de aplicar dicha metodología en las obras de mejoramiento de vías terciarias a través de placa huellas.1. Planteamiento del problema ............................................................................... 14 2. Justificación del proyecto ................................................................................... 16 3. Estado del arte ..................................................................................................... 18 4. Objetivos del proyecto ........................................................................................ 24 4.1. Objetivo General ......................................................................................................... 24 4.2. Objetivos específicos .................................................................................................. 24 5. Delimitación y alcance ........................................................................................ 25 6. Hipótesis ............................................................................................................... 27 7. Marco teórico ....................................................................................................... 28 7.1 Metodología De Gerencia Proyectos .......................................................................... 28 7.1.1. Gerencia de proyectos según Project Management Institute – PMI ® .......... 29 7.1.2. El ciclo de vida de un proyecto ...................................................................... 32 7.2. Gestión De Riesgo ...................................................................................................... 35 7.2.1. Identificación del riesgo................................................................................. 37 7.2.2. Análisis de probabilidad y de impacto ........................................................... 39 7.2.3. Estrategias de mitigación de riesgo ............................................................... 41 7.3. Clasificación de carreteras en Colombia .................................................................... 43 7.3.1. Según su funcionalidad .................................................................................. 44 7.3.2. Según el tipo de terreno ................................................................................. 45 7.4. Vías Terciarias en Colombia. ..................................................................................... 46 7.4.1 Estado de la red vial terciaria. ......................................................................... 50 7.5. Pavimento con placa huella ........................................................................................ 55 7.5.1 Vehículo de Diseño. ........................................................................................ 56 7.5.2 Diseño estructural ........................................................................................... 57 8. Metodología .......................................................................................................... 66 9. Esquemas de riesgos en la construcción de placa huellas en vías terciarias. . 69 10. Análisis de riesgos presentados en el mejoramiento de vías terciarias por medio de placa huella ......................................................................................................................... 76 10.1. Impacto de riesgos vs Alcance de proyecto ............................................... 84 10.2. Impacto de riesgos vs Tiempo de proyecto ................................................ 88 10.3. Impacto de riesgos vs Presupuesto del proyecto ........................................ 92 10.4. Impacto de riesgos vs Calidad del proyecto ............................................... 97 11. Medidas preventivas para los riesgos en el mejoramiento de vías terciarias.102 12. Análisis de resultados en validación de metodología ..................................... 112 13. Conclusiones ...................................................................................................... 117 14. Referencias ......................................................................................................... 121 ANEXO 1 ..................................................................................................................... 124 ANEXO 2 ..................................................................................................................... 125 ANEXO 3 ..................................................................................................................... 126 ANEXO 4 ..................................................................................................................... 127 ANEXO 5 ..................................................................................................................... 128 ANEXO 6 ..................................................................................................................... 129The State of the tertiary routes, are fundamentals for the development of the population in the more distant and secluded from the various Colombian municipalities sidewalks. In which are in low mobility conditions compared to other routes, it is by this that the inhabitants of these zones will have to invest more money in order to transport goods that generated in the different paths, which are usually products agricultural. The population of community areas must have tertiary roads in conditions of high quality, which will help with the development of the region, so that the products produced in these areas, whether agricultural, mining or production of any material, they will arrive in the hands of your customers in a more efficient and economic. Giving consequences of this, the increase of the economy in these areas. Here are projects to improve roads, who have had a variety of risks or problems in the execution of the project, which very probably not contemplated in the development of formulation, which produces that routes don't end up with the expected scope , or with poor quality causing a low durability of the work, which would cause even more failures in the efficacy of the transport of the regions taken over by the civil activities. Is therefore, that the present project will seek the decrease or elimination of these risks, interfering in the execution of the works in accordance with the improvement of tertiary roads through plate finger, in order to complete the planned scope in the project formulation and achieve even greater reach, to make these works of quality, durability, comply with technical specifications according to the National Department of planning (DNP) or the national roads Institute (INVIAS) and which can meet the needs of the population to complement the development of these paths. The risks will be analysed by means of an explanatory methodology, and data to collect shall be quantitative, in order to develop probabilities of occurrence and degree of involvement that generates the project, to subsequently reduce by strategies in the implementation so that the project meets your specifications of all character, mainly in the cost, time and scope. At the end of the year, it will conduct if actually carried out risks methodology complies with reducing these risks and comparisons of improvement to when applying this methodology in the works of improvement of tertiary roads through plate tracks.Maestrí

Smart system to detect and map events of urban violence in different areas of Barranquilla, based on information obtained from Twitter

Este proyecto surge de la necesidad de tener una forma rápida y gráfica de obtener información los distintos sucesos de violencia que están ocurriendo en los distintos barrios de la ciudad de Barranquilla diariamente. Con base en esto se busca implementar un prototipo que reaccione diariamente, automatizado y que permita mostrar las distintas zonas donde están ocurriendo sucesos de violencia resaltados en un mapa, con base en información obtenida de tuits. Se diseñó una arquitectura basada en micro-servicios cuya comunicación se realiza bajo el conjunto de protocolos TCP/IP y HTTP. Los tuits se obtienen a través de la API de Twitter. Este envía la información al servicio web de clasificación implementado en Flask y se encarga de clasificar los tuits detectando si son indicadores de que hubo un incidente de violencia y en qué zona de Barranquilla ocurrió y se almacenan en la base de datos. En la capa de presentación, se tiene una aplicación web implementada en React para visualizar la información indexada en Firebase Cloud Firestore. Se utiliza la API de Google Maps para visualizar el mapa de la ciudad y se genera la división por barrios en el mapa. Para poder representar el impacto y la diferencia en violencia por barrios, se utilizó una librería de Javascript que permite manipular y presentar información geográfica a través de gráficos interactivos. Tras desarrollar una revisión sistemática de la literatura relacionada con los campos de AI, ML, DL y NLP se estructuró el marco conceptual y se comprendieron aspectos para desarrollar la solución. Se desarrolló el modelo y diseño de la solución con la cual se pudo implementar, desplegar y validar el prototipo planeado. El resultado fue exitoso, ya que se pudo distinguir hasta con un 96 % de certeza, con los tuits de validación, si un tuit indica un hecho de violencia o no. Además, la representación por barrios se realizó de manera correcta tras obtener y filtrar esta información de lo escrito en los tuits.This project arises from the need to have a quick and graphic way of obtaining information about the different events of violence that are occurring in the different neighborhoods of the city of Barranquilla on a daily basis. Based on this, we seek to implement a prototype that reacts daily, automated and that allows us to show the different areas where violent events are occurring, highlighted on a map, based on information obtained from tweets. An architecture based on microservices was designed, whose communication is carried out under the TCP/IP and HTTP protocols. The tweets are obtained through the Twitter API. This sends the information to the web classification service implemented in Flask and is responsible for classifying the tweets by detecting whether they are indicators that there was an incident of violence and in which area of Barranquilla it occurred and are stored in the database. In the presentation layer, there is a web application implemented in React to visualize the information indexed in Firebase Cloud Firestore. The Google Maps API is used to visualize the map of the city and the division by neighborhoods is generated in the map. In order to represent the impact and difference in violence by neighborhood, a Javascript library was used to manipulate and present geographic information through interactive graphics. After developing a systematic review of the literature related to the fields of IA, ML, DL and NLP, the conceptual framework was structured and aspects were understood to develop the solution. The model and design of the solution was developed with which the planned prototype could be implemented, deployed and validated. The result was successful, since it was possible to distinguish with up to 96 % certainty, with the validation tweets, if a tweet indicates an act of violence or not. In addition, the representation by neighborhoods was made correctly after obtaining and filtering this information from what was written on the tweets

Characterization of the Venom of C. d. cumanesis of Colombia: Proteomic Analysis and Antivenomic Study

The Colombian rattlesnake Crotalus durissus cumanensis is distributed in three geographic zones of the country: the Atlantic Coast, the upper valley of the Magdalena River, and the eastern plains of the Colombian Orinoquía. Its venom induces neurological symptoms, such as eyelid ptosis, myasthenic facies, and paralysis of the respiratory muscles, which can lead to death. Identification and analysis of C. d. cumanensis showed nine groups of proteins responsible for the neurotoxic effect, of which the crotoxin complex was the most abundant (64.71%). Immunorecognition tests of C. d. cumanensis showed that the use of a commercial antivenom manufactured in Mexico resulted in immunoreactivity