Thermodynamic quantities of surface formation of aqueous electrolyte solutions X. Aqueous solution of 2:1 valence-type salts.

The behaviors of a series of calcium halides and of alkali earth metal chlorides in the air/water surface region were studied in comparison with those of alkali metal halides by measuring the surface tension increments of solutions. The effect of salts with divalent cations on the surface tension increments is more pronounced than that of uni-univalent salts, but there are some similarities between these two types. It seems that the anions cause a marked effect on surface tension which is proportional to the magnitude of hydration in the bulk water. We also observed a decrease in the entropy change of surface formation with increasing concentration. The importance of an electrical double layer at the surface is discussed in relation to these surface tension increments

Clinical benefit of platinum doublet combination therapy in older adults with advanced non‐small cell lung cancer: A prospective multicenter study by the National Hospital Organization in Japan

Abstract Background Previous trials suggest that older adults with non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) derive benefit from platinum doublet combination therapy, but its superiority is controversial. Although geriatric assessment variables are used to assess the individual risk of severe toxicity and clinical outcomes in older patients, the standard first‐line treatment is still debated. Therefore, we aimed to identify the risk factors for clinical outcomes in older patients with NSCLC. Methods Patients aged ≥75 years with advanced NSCLC treated at any of 24 National Hospital Organization institutions completed a pre‐first‐line chemotherapy assessment, including patient characteristics, treatment variables, laboratory test values, and geriatric assessment variables. We evaluated whether these variables were the risk factors for progression‐free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS). Results A total of 148 patients with advanced NSCLC were treated with combination therapy (n = 90) or monotherapy (n = 58). Median PFS was 5.3 months and OS was 13.6 months. We identified that hypoalbuminemia (hazard ratio [HR] 2.570, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.117–5.913, p = 0.0264) was a risk factor for PFS and monotherapy (HR 1.590, 95% CI: 1.070–2.361, p = 0.0217), lactate dehydrogenase (HR 3.682, 95% CI: 1.013–13.39, p = 0.0478), and high C‐reactive protein (HR 2.038, 95% CI: 1.141–3.642, p = 0.0161) were risk factors for OS. The median OS was significantly longer in patients treated with combination therapy than in those who received monotherapy (16.5 months vs. 10.3 months; HR 0.684, 95% CI: 0.470–0.995, p = 0.0453). Discussion Platinum doublet combination therapy may be beneficial in older patients with NSCLC. Identification of risk factors will assist in the development of a personalized treatment strategy