Nature of the Darwin term and (Zα)4m3/M2{(Z\alpha)^4 m^3/M^2} contribution to the Lamb shift for an arbitrary spin of the nucleus

The contact Darwin term is demonstrated to be of the same origin as the spin-orbit interaction. The $(Z\alpha)^4 m^3/M^2$ correction to the Lamb shift, generated by the Darwin term, is found for an arbitrary nonvanishing spin of the nucleus, both half-integer and integer. There is also a contribution of the same nature to the nuclear quadrupole moment.Comment: 9 pages, latex, no figure

Challenges of in vitro conservation of Сitrus germplasm resources

The main problems of establishment a slow growth in vitro collection of citrus and other tree crops cultivars are high degree of fungal contamination of bud explants and low growth potential of shoots. In this regard, the aim of current research is to assess the efficiency of decontamination procedure and the possibility of tissue culture initiation and slow growth conservation of valuable lemon cultivars. The best results of surface sterilization were obtained using immersion solutions of 0.3 % Veltolen – 25 minutes or 10 % Domestos – 25–30 minutes. In these treatments, 27.7–33.0 % of aseptic explants were obtained, respectively. However, after the third subculture, the yield of aseptic viable explants decreased till 10 % as a result of secondary contamination by endophytic fungi. The addition of biocide (“Gavrish”) in a nutrient medium at a concentration of 1 ml/l helped to increase the yield of aseptic viable explants till 50 %. However, after the third subculture the photosynthetic activity and the pigments content as well as growth rate decreased. Plants dropped yellowish leaves and eventually died. Thus, 37.35 % of plantlets survived after 8 months of conservation, and only 14.6 % survived after 10 months. Even after the third month of conservation significant decrease in the viability index and the coefficient of photosynthetic activity occurred in plants. Chlorophyll a in leaves decreased from 1.59 to 1.14 mg/g during 12 months in vitro conservation. The similar tendency observed on clorophyll b and carotenoids content. The experiments were carried out for 5 years using different lemon cultivars and other citrus varieties and cultivars. Thus, micropropagation and slow growth in vitro conservation of valuable lemon cultivars are still problematic and requires new technical solutions due to the low growth potential of plantlets raised from the mature buds that is consistent with the data of other researchers

Architecture of an object-oriented software implementation of algorithms for a full cycle of optical images of an unknown object processing

Formulation of the problem. In the process of software processing of highly distorted optical images (OI) of distant objects formed in ground-based telescopes, it becomes necessary to solve the problems of estimating the parameters of background radiation, filtering images of information objects, isolating them on the original OIs, and classifying them. This situation is typical when processing images of both a single object and moving space objects in images of the starry sky. In this regard, the authors, within the framework of the object-oriented approach, have developed a universal design pattern that makes it possible to implement the necessary processing from a single point of view.Objective. Development of a prototype for software implementation of algorithms for solving the aforementioned problems within the framework of the design pattern proposed by the authors. Examining the possibility of its use in the development of software architecture, with examples of OI processing obtained in natural conditions.Results. The article presents the results of the development of the software implementation algorithms architecture for processing distorted OIs of remote space objects formed in ground-based telescopes. Within the framework of the objectoriented programming paradigm using the Universal Modeling Language (UML), a description of the main components of static and dynamic architecture models is provided. For the static model, a new representation of the OI is proposed using a set of Boolean matrices. Within the framework of the dynamic model, a universal template (interface) has been developed for the implementation of algorithms for processing distorted OIs using UML activity diagrams. Its particularization is given when solving the problems of highlighting individual structural elements in the image of a single object and highlighting the tracks of moving objects in the image of the starry sky.Practical significance. The developed software implementations of low-quality optical image processing algorithms can be used in the modernization of software systems for ground-based telescopes