15 research outputs found

    Local cavitation due to water hammer

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    The phenomenon of vapour cavitation due to water hammer is investigated ex-perimentally using high frequency pressure transducers (piezoelectric and strain gauges). The water hammer is caused by a sudden closure of a ball valve mounted at the end of the steel pipe. A short-duration pressure pulse, as well as high frequency cavitation pressure oscillations is observed. The high frequency pressure oscillations appear just after the vapour cavity collapse, whereas the pressure pulse does not occur immediately after collapse but is delayed from 0 to the water hammer period 2L/c2L/c, s. The experiments have shown that the maxi-mum high frequency pressure oscillation, directly proportional to the pressure wave velocity, can be many times higher than the maximum water hammer pres-sure amplitude as well as short-duration pressure pulse. The influence of liquid evaporation duration and the steady state losses on the maximum high frequency cavitation pressure oscillation are shown. Growing pressure reduction is accom-panied by gas desorption from the liquid. The liberated air reduces the amplitude of the pressure increase and prolongs the period of oscillations. The experiments have shown that there are three phases of the maximum amplitude of high fre-quency pressure oscillations for each fixed steady state loss. The frequency of va-pour cavitation pressure oscillations depends on the duration of the oscillations. For the test cases, the frequency increases during the cavitation from ca. 400 to 900 Hz for steel pipes

    An analysis of the electricity supply at a public building utilizing photovoltaic systems and a microturbine

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    W ostatnich latach poszukiwania nowych, efektywnych rozwiązań wytwarzania energii są skierowane na produkcję energii elektrycznej z wykorzystaniem nośników odnawialnych oraz przyjaznych środowisku. Spowodowało to wzrost zainteresowania ogniwami PV oraz systemami kogeneracyjnymi. W artykule, na tle historii rozwoju kolejnych generacji ogniw PV, zaprezentowano główne czynniki wpływające na ich parametry eksploatacyjne. Scharakteryzowano średnie dzienne promieniowanie słoneczne i prędkości wiatru w Łodzi. Przedmiotem badań była stacjonarna i nadążna instalacja fotowoltaiczna o łącznej mocy szczytowej 15 kWp oraz mikroturbina gazowa o mocy elektrycznej 30 kW, znajdujące się na Politechnice Łódzkiej na Wydziału Elektrotechniki, Elektroniki, Informatyki i Automatyki, zasilające sieć elektroenergetyczną budynków laboratoriów. Pomiary energetyczne prowadzono w 2016 roku i na ich podstawie wykonano analizę efektywności energetycznej i analizę finansową zaopatrzenia budynków w energię. Oceniono uzysk energii w modułach stacjonarnych i nadążnych oraz procentowe pokrycie energii elektrycznej z ogniw PV i mikroturbiny. Wyznaczono rozkład miesięcznych oszczędności, roczną oszczędność kosztów energii oraz czas zwrotu kosztów inwestycyjnych badanych systemów. Przeprowadzone badania pozwalają na stwierdzenie, że energia wytworzona przez moduły nadążne jest około 3 razy większa niż wytworzona w modułach stacjonarnych. Natomiast roczne oszczędności kosztów energii przy zastosowaniu mikroturbiny gazowej są około dziesięciokrotnie większe niż dla paneli nadążnych. Po przeprowadzeniu tej analizy można stwierdzić opłacalność stosowania agregatów kogeneracyjnych i paneli fotowoltaicznych, mimo dużych nakładów finansowych. Czas zwrotu nakładów inwestycyjnych wynosi około 12 lat podczas użytkowania instalacji przez cały rok.Recently, the search for new effective energy production solutions has been focused on the production of electricity using renewable and environmentally friendly carriers. This resulted in an increased interest in PV cells and cogeneration systems. The article looks at the main factors affecting their operational parameters against the background of the development history of subsequent generations of PV cells. Average daily solar radiation and wind velocity in Lodz were characterized. The research was done on a static and tracking system with a total peak power of 15 kWp and a 30 kW microturbine. PV panels are installed on the building of the Institute of Electrical Power Engineering of the Lodz University of Technology and they work as part of DERLab. A microturbine is inside the building. Energy measurements were carried out in 2016 giving grounds for the analysis of energy efficiency and financial analysis of the energy supply in buildings. Energy yields in the static and tracking system as well as percentage coverage of electricity from PV cells and microturbines were assessed. The distribution of monthly savings, annual savings of energy costs and the payback time of the investment costs of the systems subject to the test were determined. The research we have done allows us to say that the energy produced by follow-up modules is about 3 times greater than that generated in stationary modules. On the other hand, the annual savings of energy costs using gas micro-turbines are about 10 times higher than those of lagging panels. The analysis shows that it is possible to determine the profitability of the microturbine and photovoltaic panels use despite large financial outlays. The payback period of investment outlays is about 12 years when using the installation throughout the year

    Non-coding RNA networks in cancer

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    Thousands of unique non-coding RNA (ncRNA) sequences exist within cells. Work from the past decade has altered our perception of ncRNAs from 'junk' transcriptional products to functional regulatory molecules that mediate cellular processes including chromatin remodelling, transcription, post-transcriptional modifications and signal transduction. The networks in which ncRNAs engage can influence numerous molecular targets to drive specific cell biological responses and fates. Consequently, ncRNAs act as key regulators of physiological programmes in developmental and disease contexts. Particularly relevant in cancer, ncRNAs have been identified as oncogenic drivers and tumour suppressors in every major cancer type. Thus, a deeper understanding of the complex networks of interactions that ncRNAs coordinate would provide a unique opportunity to design better therapeutic interventions
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