The Metropolitan Military : Navy Families and Housing in the American Sunbelt, 1941 - 2000

"The Metropolitan Military" examines military family housing from 1941 to 2000 and argues post-World War II militarization shaped the processes of suburbanization and urbanization and concepts regarding citizenship. During the 1950s and 60s, real estate interests and municipalities opposed military housing on the grounds that it threatened segregation, promoted socialism, and competed unfairly with private business. After a decade of economic turmoil and tax revolts, individual homeowners took the lead by the late 1970s, opposing military housing in their communities and arguing it overburdened public infrastructure, notably schools, lowered municipal revenues, diminished property values, and spread social dysfunction. Even as homeowners demanded more property rights, welfare obligations shifted from the state to the individual, meaning public services contracted leaving homeowners and others to replace this infrastructure with their own efforts and finances. As a result, this applied further pressure to middle- and working-class homeowners. Homeowners/taxpayers became powerful political players in metropolitan debates, claiming racial innocence and privilege through the language of free markets. In so doing, free marketers unselfconsciously ignored state and federal interventions into the housing market. It was the shift to an all-volunteer military in 1973 that utterly transformed the debate about military housing, however. With the recruitment of more minorities and women, homeowner anxieties reached critical and ultimately transformative new heights. Repeatedly, homeowners highlighted the way quasi-single parent families - the unavoidable result of overseas deployment - failed to align with suburban norms. Race, class, and gender shaped property owners' ideas about "appropriate," "desirable," and "stable" families, resulting in a more cohesive effort to exclude or marginalize military housing in their communities. Through case studies in San Diego, CA, Hampton Roads, VA, Charleston, SC, and Washington D.C., I argue that while opposition to military housing existed prior to 1973, the shift to an all volunteer military in the context of New Right economic, social, and political influences, resulted in increasingly pitched protest as citizenship came to be determined by economic variables such as contributions to local tax revenue and homeownership statu

Monophyly of Anthozoa (Cnidaria): why do nuclear and mitochondrial phylogenies disagree?

International audienceThe phylum Cnidaria is usually divided into five classes: Anthozoa, Cubozoa, Hydrozoa, Scyphozoa and Staurozoa. The class Anthozoa is subdivided into two subclasses: Hexacorallia and Octocorallia. Morphological and molecular studies based on nuclear rDNA and recent phylogenomic studies support the monophyly of Anthozoa. On the other hand, molecular studies based on mitochondrial markers, including two recent studies based on mitogenomic data, supported the paraphyly of Anthozoa, and positioned Octocorallia as sister group to Medusozoa (the monophyletic group of Cubozoa, Hydrozoa and Scyphozoa). On the basis of 51 nuclear orthologs from four hexacorallians, four octocorallians, two hydrozoans and one scyphozoan (with poriferans and Homo sapiens as out-groups), we built a multilocus alignment of 9 873 amino acids, which aimed at minimizing missing data and hidden paralogy, in order to understand the discrepancy between nuclear and mitochondrial phylogenies. Our phylogenetic analyses strongly supported the monophyly of Anthozoa. We compared the level of substitution saturation between our data set, the data sets of two recent phylogenomic studies and one of a mitogenomic study. We found that mitochondrial DNA is more saturated than nuclear DNA at all the phylogenetic levels studied. Our results emphasize the need for a good evaluation of phylogenetic signal