5,336 research outputs found
H-alpha features with hot onsets. I. Ellerman bombs
Ellerman bombs are transient brightenings of the wings of the Balmer lines
that uniquely mark reconnection in the solar photosphere. They are also bright
in strong Ca II and ultraviolet lines and in ultraviolet continua, but they are
not visible in the optical continuum and the Na I D and Mg I b lines. These
discordant visibilities invalidate all published Ellerman bomb modeling. I
argue that the assumption of Saha-Boltzmann lower-level populations is
informative to estimate bomb-onset opacities for these diverse diagnostics,
even and especially for H-alpha, and employ such estimates to gauge the
visibilities of Ellerman bomb onsets in all of them. They constrain Ellerman
bomb formation to temperatures 10,000 - 20,000 K and hydrogen densities around
10^15 cm^-3. Similar arguments likely hold for H-alpha visibility in other
transient phenomena with hot and dense onsets.Comment: Accepted by Astronomy & Astrophysic
H-alpha features with hot onsets III. Fibrils in Lyman-alpha and with ALMA
In H-alpha most of the solar surface is covered by dense canopies of long
opaque fibrils, but predictions for quiet-Sun observations with ALMA have
ignored this fact. Comparison with Ly-alpha suggests that the large opacity of
H-alpha fibrils is caused by hot precursor events. Application of a recipe that
assumes momentary Saha-Boltzmann extinction during their hot onset to
millimeter wavelengths suggests that ALMA will observe H-alpha-like fibril
canopies, not acoustic shocks underneath, and will yield data more interesting
than if these canopies were transparent.Comment: Accepted for Astronomy & Astrophysics; Figure 1 correcte
The quiet chromosphere. Old wisdom, new insights, future needs
The introduction to this review summarizes chromosphere observation in two
figures. The first part showcases the historical emphasis on the eclipse
chromosphere in the development of NLTE line formation theory and criticizes 1D
modeling. The second part advertises recent breakthroughs after many decades of
standstill. The third part discusses what may or should come next.Comment: To appear in Proceedings 25th NSO Workshop, editors A. Tritschler, K.
Reardon, H. Uitenbroek, Mem. Soc. Astr. Ita
Experimental analysis and computational modeling of interburst intervals in spontaneous activity of cortical neuronal culture
Rhythmic bursting is the most striking behavior of cultured cortical networks and may start in the second week after plating. In this study, we focus on the intervals between spontaneously occurring bursts, and compare experimentally recorded values with model simulations. In the models, we use standard neurons and synapses, with physiologically plausible parameters taken from literature. All networks had a random recurrent architecture with sparsely connected neurons. The number of neurons varied between 500 and 5,000. We find that network models with homogeneous synaptic strengths produce asynchronous spiking or stable regular bursts. The latter, however, are in a range not seen in recordings. By increasing the synaptic strength in a (randomly chosen) subset of neurons, our simulations show interburst intervals (IBIs) that agree better with in vitro experiments. In this regime, called weakly synchronized, the models produce irregular network bursts, which are initiated by neurons with relatively stronger synapses. In some noise-driven networks, a subthreshold, deterministic, input is applied to neurons with strong synapses, to mimic pacemaker network drive. We show that models with such “intrinsically active neurons” (pacemaker-driven models) tend to generate IBIs that are determined by the frequency of the fastest pacemaker and do not resemble experimental data. Alternatively, noise-driven models yield realistic IBIs. Generally, we found that large-scale noise-driven neuronal network models required synaptic strengths with a bimodal distribution to reproduce the experimentally observed IBI range. Our results imply that the results obtained from small network models cannot simply be extrapolated to models of more realistic size. Synaptic strengths in large-scale neuronal network simulations need readjustment to a bimodal distribution, whereas small networks do not require such change
Non-equilibrium hydrogen ionization in 2D simulations of the solar atmosphere
The ionization of hydrogen in the solar chromosphere and transition region
does not obey LTE or instantaneous statistical equilibrium because the
timescale is long compared with important hydrodynamical timescales, especially
of magneto-acoustic shocks. We implement an algorithm to compute
non-equilibrium hydrogen ionization and its coupling into the MHD equations
within an existing radiation MHD code, and perform a two-dimensional simulation
of the solar atmosphere from the convection zone to the corona. Analysis of the
simulation results and comparison to a companion simulation assuming LTE shows
that: a) Non-equilibrium computation delivers much smaller variations of the
chromospheric hydrogen ionization than for LTE. The ionization is smaller
within shocks but subsequently remains high in the cool intershock phases. As a
result, the chromospheric temperature variations are much larger than for LTE
because in non-equilibrium, hydrogen ionization is a less effective internal
energy buffer. The actual shock temperatures are therefore higher and the
intershock temperatures lower. b) The chromospheric populations of the hydrogen
n = 2 level, which governs the opacity of Halpha, are coupled to the ion
populations. They are set by the high temperature in shocks and subsequently
remain high in the cool intershock phases. c) The temperature structure and the
hydrogen level populations differ much between the chromosphere above
photospheric magnetic elements and above quiet internetwork. d) The hydrogen n
= 2 population and column density are persistently high in dynamic fibrils,
suggesting that these obtain their visibility from being optically thick in
Halpha also at low temperature.Comment: 10 pages, 4 figure
Poisson brackets symmetry from the pentagon-wheel cocycle in the graph complex
Kontsevich designed a scheme to generate infinitesimal symmetries
of Poisson brackets
on all affine manifolds ; every such deformation is encoded
by oriented graphs on vertices and edges. In particular, these
symmetries can be obtained by orienting sums of non-oriented graphs on
vertices and edges. The bi-vector flow preserves the space of Poisson structures if
is a cocycle with respect to the vertex-expanding differential in the
graph complex.
A class of such cocycles is known to exist:
marked by , each of them contains a -gon wheel
with a nonzero coefficient. At the tetrahedron
itself is a cocycle; at the Kontsevich--Willwacher pentagon-wheel
cocycle consists of two graphs. We reconstruct the
symmetry and verify that
is a Poisson cocycle indeed:
via
.Comment: Int. workshop "Supersymmetries and quantum symmetries -- SQS'17"
(July 31 -- August 5, 2017 at JINR Dubna, Russia), 4+v pages, 2 figures, 1
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