A Global Hypothesis for Women in Journalism and Mass Communications: The Ratio of Recurrent and Reinforced Residuum

This paper examines the status of women in communications industries and on university faculties. It specifically tests the Ratio of Recurrent and Reinforced Residuum or R3 hypothesis, as developed by Rush in the early 1980s [Rush, Buck & Ogan,1982]. The R3 hypothesis predicts that the percentage of women in the communications industries and on university faculties will follow the ratio residing around 1/4:3/4 or 1/3:2/3 proportion females to males. This paper presents data from a nationwide U.S. survey and compares them to data from global surveys and United Nations reports. The evidence is overwhelming and shows the relevance and validity of the R3 hypothesis across different socio-economic and cultural contexts. The paper argues that the ratio is the outcome of systemic discrimination that operates at multiple levels. The obstacles to achieving equality in the academy as well as media industries are discussed and suggestions for breaking out of the R3 ratio are included.

A Global Hypothesis for Women in Journalism and Mass Communications: The Ratio of Recurrent and Reinforced Residuum

This paper examines the status of women in communications industries and on university faculties. It specifically tests the Ratio of Recurrent and Reinforced Residuum or R3 hypothesis, as developed by Rush in the early 1980s [Rush, Buck & Ogan,1982]. The R3 hypothesis predicts that the percentage of women in the communications industries and on university faculties will follow the ratio residing around 1/4:3/4 or 1/3:2/3 proportion females to males. This paper presents data from a nationwide U.S. survey and compares them to data from global surveys and United Nations reports. The evidence is overwhelming and shows the relevance and validity of the R3 hypothesis across different socio-economic and cultural contexts. The paper argues that the ratio is the outcome of systemic discrimination that operates at multiple levels. The obstacles to achieving equality in the academy as well as media industries are discussed and suggestions for breaking out of the R3 ratio are included.

Through the Looking Glass: Judicial Deference to Academic Decision-Making

This paper will review the statutory mandates of Section 504 and the ADA and examine the extent to which courts are willing to defer to institutional decisions concerning program modifications to accommodate learning disabled students. Courts have long recognized that academic decision-makers are entitled to deference, especially when their decisions concern issues related to educational programs. Courts must be vigilant, however, to properly weigh their role as the enforcers of Congressional legislation against the judicial policy of deference to academic decisions. Section I of this article will review the federal statutory and regulatory frameworks governing disability accommodations as they relate to institutions of higher education. Section II will address the potential conflict between essential program requirements in higher education and compliance with federal mandates. Section III will consider the federal courts\u27 deference to academic decision-makers, particularly with regard to granting or denying academic accommodations for persons with disabilities. Finally, Section IV will examine two cases that demonstrate the limits of the federal courts\u27 deference to academic decision-makers

Through the Looking Glass: Judicial Deference to Academic Decision-Making

This paper will review the statutory mandates of Section 504 and the ADA and examine the extent to which courts are willing to defer to institutional decisions concerning program modifications to accommodate learning disabled students. Courts have long recognized that academic decision-makers are entitled to deference, especially when their decisions concern issues related to educational programs. Courts must be vigilant, however, to properly weigh their role as the enforcers of Congressional legislation against the judicial policy of deference to academic decisions. Section I of this article will review the federal statutory and regulatory frameworks governing disability accommodations as they relate to institutions of higher education. Section II will address the potential conflict between essential program requirements in higher education and compliance with federal mandates. Section III will consider the federal courts\u27 deference to academic decision-makers, particularly with regard to granting or denying academic accommodations for persons with disabilities. Finally, Section IV will examine two cases that demonstrate the limits of the federal courts\u27 deference to academic decision-makers

High-resolution width-modulated pulse rebalance electronics for strapdown gyroscopes and accelerometers

Three different rebalance electronic loops were designed, implemented, and evaluated. The loops were width-modulated binary types using a 614.4 kHz keying signal; they were developed to accommodate the following three inertial sensors with the indicated resolution values: (1) Kearfott 2412 accelerometer - resolution = 260 micro-g/data pulse, (2) Honeywell GG334 gyroscope - resolution = 3.9 milli-arc-sec/data pulse, (3) Kearfott 2401-009 accelerometer - resolution = 144 milli-g/data pulse. Design theory, details of the design implementation, and experimental results for each loop are presented

Staffing After Mergers And Acquisitions: A Human Resource Management Case Study

An HRM case dealing with problems encountered as a company seeks to integrate employees following an acquisition.  Discussion concerns how the case is used to exhibit staffing issues of M&As

Successful recruiting by an academic hospitalist section

Statement of Problem: Because of changes in resident staffing, our academic hospitalist Section required a 50% increase (from 12 to 18 FTE) in faculty members in one year. Thus, we undertook an intensive recruiting effort that spanned 9 months. Innovation Objectives: In a cost effective way, to attract and screen a large number of applicants for a position with our Section of academic hospital medicine. Program Description: In January and October, we advertised in national journals and on websites. We responded to over 100 inquiries with a standardized email describing our program, and with an invitation to formally apply by providing a letter of intent, current curriculum vitae, and three professional references. Over a 9 month period, we received formal applications from 68 physicians (53 were currently completing their residency, and 15 were practicing hospitalists). 5 were from our own residents, and 4 were from local hospitalists who had completed some training with us. These 68 applications and/or letters of reference were reviewed by our Hiring Committee. Using pre-established screening criteria, 26 of 68 (38%) applicants were judged competitive. Using standardized interviewing tools, Hiring Committee members interviewed by telephone 24 of these competitive candidates and their references. Of these, 18 were invited for an on-site visit. Findings to Date: Almost all of the invited candidates (16/18) visited our department for a one or two day visit which included face-to-face interviews, rounding, and social events. 12 of these 16 candidates (and 6 of 8 local candidates) were offered a position, and 5 accepted. Four of these had completed their residency in the past year. 3/5 (60%) of the successfully recruited faculty members had done some training at our institution. The recruiting cost included $6,431 for advertising and$14,292 for candidate visits; and required weekly meetings by our Hiring Committee. Key Lessons Learned: Using pre-established screening criteria and standardized telephone interviews, we targeted those candidates which we felt we were most likely to successfully recruit, and invited them for on-site interviews. We ultimately offered a job to 75% and hired 30% of those who completed an on-site visit. Over half of our successful recruits were from local candidates. The cost of our recruiting was $4,145 per successfully recruited physicia

Clinical vignette: Burkitts lymphoma mimicking ovarian cancer\u27

Case presentation: A 50 year-old Asian woman presented with four days of abdominal discomfort and progressive distention. She had no significant past medical history and did not consume alcohol. Her physical examination was remarkable for normal vital signs and a distended, non-tender abdomen with a fluid wave but without hepatosplenomegaly. Complete blood count and liver tests were normal. Abdominal ultrasound revealed ascites and an echogenic liver consistent with hepatic steatosis or cirrhosis, which was initially suspected. Viral hepatitis studies, human immunodeficiency virus antibody, ceruloplasmin, anti mitochondrial antibody, alpha-1 antitrypsin, anti-smith antibody and antinuclear antibodies were negative. CA-125 was markedly elevated at 301 U/ml (normal \u3c 22). Transvaginal ultrasonography revealed normal ovaries. Ascitic fluid examination revealed 42,900 total nucleated cells/cu mm of which 88 % were mononuclear cells, 5 % neutrophils and 7 % lymphocytes. Further analysis of showed abnormal B-cells expressing CD 19, CD 20, CD 10, FMC 7, and CD 45; FISH analysis showed MYC/IgH fusion associated with translocation of t (8;14) (q24;q32) characteristic of Burkitts lymphoma. Her serum LDH was 910 U/L (normal 82 — 310). Serum uric acid was normal. Computerized tomographic scanning failed to reveal hepatic or pulmonary involvement. Bone marrow biopsy and lumbar puncture were both negative for Burkitt\u27s involvement. She was treated with cyclophosphamide, vincristine, doxorubicin dexamethaosone, rituximab and methotrexate. Discussion: This woman presented with malignant ascites, the most common cause of which is ovarian cancer. This was initially assumed to be the diagnosis because of her elevated CA-125. The correct diagnosis was established by careful pathologic evaluation of ascitic fluid, showing monomorphic medium sized cells with basophilic cytoplasm and a high proliferation fraction with Ki-67 fraction approaching 100%. Translocation of the cmyc gene on chromosome 8 is characteristic of Burkitt\u27s lymphoma. Burkitt\u27s lymphoma is rare, constituting less than 1% of B-cell lymphomas. It is more common in males and usually presents with masses and tumor lysis syndrome. Less commonly it may present with ascites. This form may have a rapidly progressive course with bowel obstruction and/or gastrointestinal bleeding. We are aware of only one previous case of Burkitt\u27s lymphoma presenting with ascites and an elevated CA-125. Conclusions: This case illustrates a rare cause of malignant ascites, masquerading as ovarian cancer. Careful cytologic analysis of ascetic fluid cells led to the correct diagnosis.\u2