Opening of higher education? A lifelong learning perspective on the Bologna process

Since 1999, European education ministers have discussed and further implemented the "Bologna process", a wide-ranging framework for the reform of higher education. Lifelong learning was added as a goal of the process in 2001. This article evaluates the extent to which the development of lifelong learning has progressed and examines whether the Bologna process has facilitated lifelong learning opportunities in a sample of countries. The evaluation of legislative instruments and policy positions of different stakeholders in Germany, France, Italy and the UK shows that countries link quite different strategies to lifelong learning in higher education. Specific national approaches exist which facilitate or restrict its development. Thus far, the impact of the Bologna process on this issue has been modest. The process has mainly had an impact on the discussion regarding lifelong learning, not necessarily whether and how such policies and programs are implemented.Im Jahr 1999 begannen die europäischen Bildungsminister mit dem "Bologna Prozess" eine weit reichende Hochschulreform. Als eines der Reformziele wurde 2001 "Lebenslanges Lernen" hinzugefügt. Dieser Beitrag untersucht anhand von vier Länderstudien (Deutschland, Frankreich, Italien und UK), inwiefern es gelungen ist, dieses Ziel umzusetzen und ob der Bologna Prozess neue Möglichkeiten lebenslangen Lernens an Hochschulen geschaffen hat. Dabei zeigt die Analyse von Gesetzen und Regularien, aber auch die Betrachtung politischer Positionen wichtiger Stakeholder, dass die einzelnen Länder sehr unterschiedliche Strategien mit lebenslangem Lernen an der Hochschule verbinden. Spezifische nationale Ansätze werden deutlich, die die Entwicklung dieses Ziels fördern oder behindern. Insgesamt wird deutlich, dass der Bologna Prozess vor allem die Diskussion um lebenslanges Lernen an der Hochschule gefördert hat, und nicht notwendigerweise, ob und wie dieses Ziel umgesetzt wird

Opening of higher education? A lifelong learning perspective on the Bologna process

"Im Jahr 1999 begannen die europäischen Bildungsminister mit dem 'Bologna Prozess' eine weit reichende Hochschulreform. Als eines der Reformziele wurde 2001 'Lebenslanges Lernen' hinzugefügt. Dieser Beitrag untersucht anhand von vier Länderstudien (Deutschland, Frankreich, Italien und UK), inwiefern es gelungen ist, dieses Ziel umzusetzen und ob der Bologna Prozess neue Möglichkeiten lebenslangen Lernens an Hochschulen geschaffen hat. Dabei zeigt die Analyse von Gesetzen und Regularien, aber auch die Betrachtung politischer Positionen wichtiger Stakeholder, dass die einzelnen Länder sehr unterschiedliche Strategien mit lebenslangem Lernen an der Hochschule verbinden. Spezifische nationale Ansätze werden deutlich, die die Entwicklung dieses Ziels fördern oder behindern. Insgesamt wird deutlich, dass der Bologna Prozess vor allem die Diskussion um lebenslanges Lernen an der Hochschule gefördert hat, und nicht notwendigerweise, ob und wie dieses Ziel umgesetzt wird." (Autorenreferat)"Since 1999, European education ministers have discussed and further implemented the 'Bologna process', a wide-ranging framework for the reform of higher education. Lifelong learning was added as a goal of the process in 2001. This article evaluates the extent to which the development of lifelong learning has progressed and examines whether the Bologna process has facilitated lifelong learning opportunities in a sample of countries. The evaluation of legislative instruments and policy positions of different stakeholders in Germany, France, Italy and the UK shows that countries link quite different strategies to lifelong learning in higher education. Specific national approaches exist which facilitate or restrict its development. Thus far, the impact of the Bologna process on this issue has been modest. The process has mainly had an impact on the discussion regarding lifelong learning, not necessarily whether and how such policies and programs are implemented." (author's abstract

Sulla redazione dell'Amedeo Modigliani di Giovanni Scheiwiller e il suo contesto

La fortuna di Modigliani in Italia negli anni Venti e Trenta \ue8 strettamente collegata all\u2019opera di divulgazione di Giovanni Scheiwiller e alle sue scelte editoriali. A partire dal 1925 l\u2019interesse di Giovanni per l\u2019artista di Livorno si sarebbe editorialmente dispiegato in pi\uf9 direzioni: la piccola monografia del 1927 fu ristampata due volte (1932, 1935) con diverse modifiche nella scelta delle riproduzioni, con aggiunte alla bibliografia e qualche ritocco al testo; pubblic\uf2 una traduzione francese nel 1928 e Disegni di Modigliani con uno scritto di Lamberto Vitali nel 1929 (in seconda edizione nel 1936); cur\uf2 Omaggio a Modigliani nel 1930. L\u2019intervento prende in esame la storia editoriale della prima monografia italiana su Modigliani, ripercorsa attraverso l\u2019impiego di un\u2019ampia documentazione inedita e attraverso l\u2019analisi del contesto critico in cui nacque. Il volume, infatti, ha rivestito un ruolo importante nella rapida costruzione di una codificata narrazione biografica su Modigliani in Italia, rappresentando, inoltre, un sicuro aggiornamento alla letteratura critica d\u2019oltralpe.Modigliani\u2019s success in Italy in the 1920s and 1930s is strictly related to Giovanni Scheiwiller\u2019s dissemination work and to his editorial choices. Starting from 1925, Giovanni\u2019s interest for the artist from Livorno would have given rise to several publications: the 1927 small monograph was reissued twice (1932, 1935) with several changes according to the choice of the reproductions, with additions to the bibliography and some tweaks to the text; he published a French translation in 1928 and the booklet Disegni di Modigliani with a writing by Lamberto Vitali in 1929 (in second edition in 1936); he edited the publication Omaggio a Modigliani in 1930. The paper examines the editorial history of the first Italian monograph on Modigliani, revisited through the use of considerable unpublished documentation and through the analysis of the critical context in which it was born. The book, in fact, played an important role in the rapid construction of a codified biographical narration on Modigliani in Italy, also representing a reliable updating to the critical transalpine production

Evidence Evaluation: Measure Z Corresponds to Human Utility Judgments Better than Measure L and Optimal-Experimental-Design Models

Evidence evaluation is a crucial process in many human activities, spanning from medical diagnosis to impression formation. The present experiments investigated which, if any, normative model best conforms to people’s intuition about the value of the obtained evidence. Psychologists, epistemologists, and philosophers of science have proposed several models to account for people’s intuition about the utility of the obtained evidence with respect either to a focal hypothesis or to a constellation of hypotheses. We pitted against each other the so called optimal-experimental-design models (i.e., Bayesian diagnosticity, log10 diagnosticity, information gain, Kullback-Leibler distance, probability gain, and impact) and measures L and Z to compare their ability to describe humans’ intuition about the value of the obtained evidence. Participants received words-and-numbers scenarios concerning two hypotheses and binary features. They were asked to evaluate the utility of “yes” and “no” answers to questions about some features possessed in different proportions (i.e., the likelihoods) by two types of extraterrestrial creatures (corresponding to two mutually exclusive and exhaustive hypotheses). Participants evaluated either how an answer was helpful or how an answer decreased/increased their beliefs with respect either to a single hypothesis or to both hypotheses. We fitted mixed-effects models and we used the Akaike information criterion (AIC) and the Bayesian information criterion (BIC) values to compare the competing models of the value of the obtained evidence. Overall, the experiments showed that measure Z was the best-fitting model of participants’ judgments of the value of obtained answers. We discussed the implications for the human hypothesis-evaluation process

The enigma of Gerstmann's syndrome revisited: a telling tale of the vicissitudes of neuropsychology

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Bilateral neglected posterior dislocation of the shoulder treated by reverse arthroplasty and contralateral osteochondral autograft. A case report

Bilateral posterior dislocation of the glenohumeral joint is an uncommon event, that can be missed at the initial presentation. We report the case of a 76-year old woman, who suffered a traumatic bilateral posterior dislocation, that was diagnosed three months later. She underwent surgical treatment on both shoulders in a single stage. Since the right shoulder showed a defect of the articular surface >50%, a reverse shoulder arthroplasty was performed on this side. The resected portion of the humeral head was retrieved and used as osteochondral graft to fill the reverse Hill-Sachs lesion of the left shoulder. At 18-month follow up, the patient was pain-free and had recovered excellent shoulder function on both sides: Constant score was 79 for the right shoulder and 88 for the left one. X-rays showed a grade 1 scapular notch of the right reverse prosthesis and good incorporation of the graft in the left shoulder, with no evidence of degenerative joint changes. Neglected posterior dislocations of the shoulder can be surgically treated by replacement or reconstruction. In case of bilateral injuries, the surgeon should carefully evaluate the pathoanatomy of both glenohumeral joints in order to choose and plan the most suitable procedure. If shoulder replacement is required on one side, the resected portion of the humeral head can be used as osteochondral autograft for a reconstruction procedure in the opposite side. The choice is influenced by several variables and decision-making might be challenging

An On-Line Solid Phase Extraction-Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry Method for the Determination of Perfluoroalkyl Acids in Drinking and Surface Waters

An UHPLC-MS/MS multiresidue method based on an on-line solid phase extraction (SPE) procedure was developed for the simultaneous determination of 9 perfluorinated carboxylates (from 4 to 12 carbon atoms) and 3 perfluorinated sulphonates (from 4 to 8 carbon atoms). This work proposes using an on-line solid phase extraction before chromatographic separation and analysis to replace traditional methods of off-line SPE before direct injection to LC-MS/MS. Manual sample preparation was reduced to sample centrifugation and acidification, thus eliminating several procedural errors and significantly reducing time-consuming and costs. Ionization suppression between target perfluorinated analytes and their coeluting SIL-IS were detected for homologues with a number of carbon atoms less than 9, but the quantitation was not affected. Total matrix effect corrected by SIL-IS, inclusive of extraction efficacy, and of ionization efficiency, ranged between −34 and +39%. The percentage of recoveries, between 76 and 134%, calculated in different matrices (tap water and rivers impacted by different pollutions) was generally satisfactory. LODs and LOQs of this on-line SPE method, which also incorporate recovery losses, ranged from 0.2 to 5.0 ng/L and from 1 to 20 ng/L, respectively. Validated on-line SPE-LC/MS/MS method has been applied in a wide survey for the determination of perfluoroalkyl acids in Italian surface and ground waters

Background suppression in massive TeO2_2 bolometers with Neganov-Luke amplified light detectors

Bolometric detectors are excellent devices for the investigation of neutrinoless double-beta decay (0$\nu\beta\beta$). The observation of such decay would demonstrate the violation of lepton number, and at the same time it would necessarily imply that neutrinos have a Majorana character. The sensitivity of cryogenic detectors based on TeO$_2$ is strongly limited by the alpha background in the region of interest for the 0$\nu\beta\beta$ of $^{130}$Te. It has been demonstrated that particle discrimination in TeO$_2$ bolometers is possible measuring the Cherenkov light produced by particle interactions. However an event-by-event discrimination with NTD-based light detectors has to be demonstrated. We will discuss the performance of a highly-sensitive light detector exploiting the Neganov-Luke effect for signal amplification. The detector, being operated with NTD-thermistor and coupled to a 750 g TeO$_2$ crystal, shows the ability for an event-by-event identification of electron/gamma and alpha particles. The extremely low detector baseline noise, RMS 19 eV, demonstrates the possibility to enhance the sensitivity of TeO$_2$-based 0$\nu\beta\beta$ experiment to an unprecedented level