Ways to address the challenges in passenger traffic within the urban transport systems

The paper dwells on developing the measures required for the effective functioning of urban bus routes, which are of great practical importance. As the analysis shows that in order to effectively organize urban passenger traffic and determine their optimal number on the routes, it is necessary to determine the pattern of changes in passenger flows, and on this basis, to distribute the number of buses in accordance with day–night hours. Based on this, an analysis of factors has been carried out affecting urban bus transport, and we have developed the measures aiming at increasing the effectiveness of passenger transport in transport companies

Challenges of economic activities of cities in the context of the covid-19 pandemic

Since the beginning of 2020, the economic complications caused by the Coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19) have entered the active phase. The world economy is facing the unprecedented challenges - global demand and global supply have declined, unemployment has risen, and losses amount to tens of trillions of dollars. The total value of the fiscal and monetary measures taken by governments in response to the COVID-19 pandemic has reached one-tenth of the worlds gross domestic product (GDP). It is impossible to address the problems of the global economy caused by the COVID-19 pandemic without the concerted efforts of States. However, individual States are developing their own ways to overcome these problems. Investigating various sources and reviewing experience of different countries confirmed that in the context of the COVID-19 crisis, along with national governments, city administrations should also well have a role to play in financial support of small and medium-sized enterprises, as a particularly sensitive sector, mostly those enterprises that have more opportunities to expand their business. The main purpose of the authors was to identify the threats and economic opportunities that cities are facing in general and particularly in Georgia, in terms of neutralizing the consequences of the pandemic. According to conclusion derive from studies, cities have to employ their real capacity in order to remain functionally viable. This requires the new development strategies, enhancing work with investors, setting the realistic budget and the correct choice of priorities. © 2021 Bull. Georg. Natl. Acad. Sci

Development of a dedicated Golden Gate Assembly Platform (RtGGA) for Rhodotorula toruloides.

Rhodotorula toruloides is a potential chassis for microbial cell factories as this yeast can metabolise different substrates into a diverse range of natural products, but the lack of efficient synthetic biology tools hinders its applicability. In this study, the modular, versatile and efficient Golden Gate DNA assembly system (RtGGA) was adapted to the first basidiomycete, an oleaginous yeast R. toruloides. R. toruloides CCT 0783 was sequenced, and used for the GGA design. The DNA fragments were assembled with predesigned 4-nt overhangs and a library of standardized parts was created containing promoters, genes, terminators, insertional regions, and resistance genes. The library was combined to create cassettes for the characterization of promoters strength and to overexpress the carotenoid production pathway. A variety of reagents, plasmids, and strategies were used and the RtGGA proved to be robust. The RtGGA was used to build three versions of the carotenoid overexpression cassette by using different promoter combinations. The cassettes were transformed into R. toruloides and the three new strains were characterized. Total carotenoid concentration increased by 41%. The dedicated GGA platform fills a gap in the advanced genome engineering toolkit for R. toruloides, enabling the efficient design of complex metabolic pathways