Pulse-wise Amati correlation in Fermi GRBs

We make a detailed pulse-wise study of gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) with known redshift detected by \emph{Fermi}/Gamma Ray Burst Monitor (GBM). The sample contains 19 GRBs with 43 pulses. We find that the average peak energy is correlated to the radiated energy (the Amati relation) for individual pulses with a correlation coefficient of 0.86, which is slightly better than the correlation for the full GRBs. As the present correlation holds within GRBs, it is a strong evidence supporting the reliability of such a correlation. We investigate several aspects of this correlation. (i) We divide our sample into redshift bins and study the evolution of the correlation. Though there is a marginal indication of evolution of the correlation, we can conclude that the present data is consistent with no evolution. (ii) We compare the correlation in the first or single pulses of these GRBs to that of the rest of the pulses, and confirm that the correlation is unaffected by the fact that first/single pulses are generally harder than the rest. Finally, we conclude that the pulse-wise Amati correlation is more robust and it has the potential of refining the correlation so that GRB study could be used as a cosmological tool.Comment: 7 pages, 6 figures, MNRAS accepte

Operational Efficiency of District Central Cooperative Banks in Gujarat - A Comparative Study

The District Central Co-operative Banks is the central financing agency in the entire district. At the district level, 18 Central Co-operativeBanks including on taluka Co-operative banking Union with their 1026branches are operating within their area of operations. District Banks caterthe financial needs of the Urban Cooperative Credit Societies, FSS,LAMPS and the other non-agricultural Societies, Taluka and District Sales and Purchase Union etc through their branches spread at talk and village levels in the concerned District and thereby cover whole state. The cooperative credit structure has been developed in India with the mission that they will provide the agricultural and finance to the needy farmers at a reasonable rate of interest. The DCCBs are mainly doing three activities in their area of operation like (i) advancement of agricultural finance (ii) collection of deposits and (iii) providing banking services. Up to 1990 the DCCBs has a Monopoly business and they were covering about 70 percent of the population particularly in rural area through their business. After introduction of New Economic Policy (NEP) the business of the DCCBs has become very competitive and they are facing stiff competition in their area of operation where they have to flourish their business before Nationalized bank, Commercial Bank, Private Bank, Foreign Banks, Non-Banking Financing Agencies, and others. The overall all profitability of the DCCBs is also going down year to Year. Out of 18 DCCBs in Gujarat only 10 are earning profit and 8 are in loss. The percentage of NPA of the DCCB is also exceeding from 35 to 40 percent in most of the DCCBs. Looking to the present situation prevailing in the area of DCCBs it is revealed that DCCBs have to make themselves more effective and efficient in the area of operation so that they can face the stiff competition and justify their objective of the existence. The present research study will focus on the overall all working of the DCCBs and examine the operational efficiency with the help of the following objectives